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Grammar - English

Teme: 1a) Grammar - part 1:

1b) Grammar - part 2:

1c) Idioms

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1a) Grammar - part 1:

Topic 1 - Nouns

What is a Noun?

The simplest definition of a noun is a thing and nouns are the basic building blocks of sentences.

These things can represent a person, animal, place, idea, emotion – almost any thing that you can think of.

Dog, Sam, we, love, phone, Chicago, courage and spaceship are all nouns. The more nouns you know in a

language, the better you will be able to communicate your ideas. Here, we’ll take a closer look at what makes

a noun a noun, and we’ll provide some examples of how nouns are used.

Noun examples: respect, faith, apple, seashore, peanut, motorcycle

Noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

The boy and girl were holding hands as they crossed the bridge to on the way to town.
I love watching my cat play with the pink yarn.
It is raining! Everyone, grab your umbrella and rain hat and watch out for the puddles!

Categories of Nouns

There are several categories of nouns, and there can be an overlap across the categories. For example,

there are common and proper nouns, and concrete and abstract nouns, yet some nouns are both concrete

and common, or concrete and proper. It will become clear as you read on.

Common nouns are the words that refer to most general things: country, evening, laughter, puppy, umbrella

Common noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Cathy loves the weekends in the country.
We enjoy swimming after breakfast.
The cup fell and broke.

Proper nouns are the name that identifies someone or something, a person or a place. Proper nouns are

capitalized. John is a proper noun, since the word John represents a particular, single example of a thing, John.

Proper noun examples: Mary, Jimmy, Aunt Audrey, Honda, Philadelphia

Proper noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Emily loved spending time with her Aunt Nancy in Paris.
Buick and Jeep are two important carmakers.
We visited Lake Erie, which separates the United States and Canada.

Concrete nouns represent a thing that is real and tangible: pig, person, rock, smell, air, soup, Larry are

all concrete nouns.

Concrete noun examples: cup, computer, diamond, rollercoaster, shampoo, Debby

Concrete noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

The person threw the rock across the yard.
My dog, Oreo, jumped in the air and caught the ball!
Can you smell the soup, John?

An abstract noun represents a thing that is more like a concept or idea: love, integrity, democracy, friendship,

beauty, knowledge are examples of abstract nouns.

Abstract noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Love and friendship are equally important.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
Your mind can know a million things.

Nouns can also be categorized as countable or uncountable.

A countable noun is a thing can be numbered or counted: airplane, sock, bowl, noodle, teacher, as in

two airplanes, three socks, 1000 noodles.

Countable noun examples: peach, horse, shirt, telescope

Countable noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

There are five dogs in the street.
I bought three tons of coal.
Margaret has six pairs of blue sandals.

Uncountable nouns can have a quantity or amount but cannot be actually counted: water, music, clothes,

understanding. In the second example above, tons is a countable noun, but coal is not. Coal is referred to

as an uncountable noun.

Uncountable noun examples: hate, confidence, attractiveness, wisdom

Uncountable noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

Love is in the air.
The four elements are air, earth, fire and water.
Her humor knows no bounds.

Collective nouns refer to a group of people or things: audience, team, bunch, family, class.

When speaking of collective nouns, Americans consider them as singular, using singular verbs

with them, such as the group dances happily. When speaking British English, both singular

verbs and plural verbs might be used, as in the group dance crazily before the Queen.

Collective noun examples: government, jury, team, bunch, school, class, and room

(the people in the room or building)

Collective noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.

The team threw confetti when it was over.
Steve buys the band some sandwiches.
Meredith told the class she was getting married.

As mentioned above, when we talk of categories of nouns, some nouns can be described as

being in more than one category. Some nouns are concrete and countable, for example,

such as raindrops and wedding rings, while some are proper and uncountable, such as the

Atlantic Ocean and Alaska.

Forms of Nouns

The same noun can appear in different forms, depending on how it is used.

A countable noun can be singular or plural. Most nouns in English form the plural by

adding -s or -es to the noun, although there are some exceptions:

One dog, two dogs, red dog, blue dog.
I missed not just one bus today, but two buses.
New York City is one of the grandest cities in the world.

Uncountable nouns and proper nouns are always considered to be singular:

The air in the countryside and in the city is clean and fresh (not the airs).
All knowledge is a good thing (not knowledges).
Florida has mostly warm weather in the winter.

Nouns can also indicate ownership. This form of a noun is called a possessive noun,

and is indicated by an apostrophe and the letter –s. It is equivalent to using the word of and the noun.

The light’s color is red. (or: The color of the light is red.)
The country’s flag has blue stripes. (or: The flag of the country has blue stripes.)
The hunters’ guns were loaded. (or: The guns of the hunters were loaded.)

Note that when the noun already ends with -s, possession is indicated by adding only an

apostrophe – hunters’ guns, not hunters’s guns.

A noun can be used as the subject of a sentence, or in another capacity as an object:

John is nice. – John is the subject of the sentence
I saw John – John is the simple (direct) object of the sentence.
I gave John the phone. – John is the indirect object of the sentence.
I gave the phone to John. – John is the object of the preposition to.

Additional Info About Nouns

Sometimes nouns are used as adjectives, which is referred to as a noun adjunct. In fact,

English is amazingly flexible in that almost any noun can also be used as an adjective,

though sometimes the use is considered comical or slangy:

Ocean view – Ocean describes the type of view you would see outside your window.
Jazz concert – Jazz is specifying what kind of concert is being played.
Cheese omelet – It’s a certain type of omelet, eggs with cheese. Using a true adjective as in a cheesy omelet means any type of omelet (onion and peppers, mushroom) that has a lot of cheese.
Dog tired – Really really tired – even though dogs aren’t known to be especially tired.
Fear Factor – An example of using just any old word as a noun adjunct.

Plural-Only Nouns

There is a small group of nouns that exist only in the plural form, for example:

clothes, pants, scissors, shorts, thanks, trousers

These nouns do not exist in the singular form and are usually described as "plural-only nouns".

We use them with plural verbs and plural pronouns, for example:

My trousers are dirty. I need to wash them.

We cannot use them with numbers.

Plural-Only Nouns with Two Parts

Many plural-only nouns are tools or items of clothing that have two parts (like trousers, which have two legs).

Clothing

panties, boxers, briefs, tights
jeans, pants, pyjamas, shorts, trousers

Tools

headphones
pliers, scissors, tongs, tweezers
binoculars, glasses, goggles, RayBans, sunglasses

pair of

Because the above examples have two parts, we can refer to them as "pair of" or

"pairs of" to quantify them.

To talk about one item we can say a pair of, one pair of, my pair of, this pair of etc.

To specify more than one item we can say two pairs of, three pairs of etc.

I need a new pair of sunglasses.
You can get rid of that old pair of headphones.
I'd like to buy one pair of boxers and two pairs of jeans.

NOTE!!!

Some nouns may be plural-only with one meaning and singular/plural with other meanings.

For example, the plural-only noun glasses means a pair of lenses that we wear to help

us see better. Do not confuse with the words:
glass, glasses (countable noun): a container for drinking from. I'd like two glasses of

orange juice please.
glass (uncountable noun): transparent material used for windows, screens etc. Be careful

not to break the glass.

Other Plural-Only Nouns

earnings
belongings, clothes
congratulations, thanks
outskirts, premises, surroundings

In these example sentences notice the use of plural verbs and plural pronouns:

Make sure your belongings are tagged with your name before you check them in.
Her thanks were clearly sincere.
If your clothes are wet you can dry them upstairs.
The outskirts of Washington are really pretty and they stretch for miles.

Compound Nouns

A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. A compound noun is usually

[noun + noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other combinations (see below). It is important

to understand and recognize compound nouns. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and

can be modified by adjectives and other nouns.

There are three forms for compound nouns:

open or spaced - space between words (tennis shoe)
hyphenated - hyphen between words (six-pack)
closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (bedroom)

Here are some examples of compound nouns:

noun	+	noun	bus stop	Is this the bus stop for the number 12 bus?
			fire-fly	In the tropics you can see fire-flies at night.
			football	Shall we play football today?
adjective	+	noun	full moon	I always feel crazy at full moon.
			blackboard	Clean the blackboard please.
			software	I can't install this software on my PC.
verb(-ing)	+	noun	breakfast	We always eat breakfast at 8am.
			washing machine	Put the clothes in the red washing machine.
			swimming pool	What a beautiful swimming pool!
noun	+	verb(-ing)	sunrise	I like to get up at sunrise.
			haircut	You need a haircut.
			train-spotting	His hobby is train-spotting.
verb	+	preposition	check-out	Please remember that check-out is at 12 noon.
noun	+	prepositional phrase	mother-in-law	My mother-in-law lives with us.
preposition	+	noun	underworld	Do you think the police accept money from the underworld?
noun	+	adjective	truckful	We need 10 truckfuls of bricks.

Pronunciation

Compound nouns tend to have more stress on the first word. In the phrase "pink ball",

both words are equally stressed (as you know, adjectives and nouns are always stressed).

In the compound noun "golf ball", the first word is stressed more (even though both

words are nouns, and nouns are always stressed). Since "golf ball" is a compound noun

we consider it as a single noun and so it has a single main stress - on the first word. Stress

is important in compound nouns. For example, it helps us know if somebody said "a GREEN

HOUSE" (a house which is painted green) or "a GREENhouse" (a building made of glass for

growing plants inside).

British/American differences

Different varieties of English, and even different writers, may use the open, hyphenated or closed form

for the same compound noun. It is partly a matter of style. There are no definite rules. For example

we can find:

container ship
container-ship
containership

If you are not sure which form to use, please check in a good dictionary.

Plural Forms of Compound Nouns

In general we make the plural of a compound noun by adding -s to the

"base word" (the most "significant" word). Look at these examples:

singular	plural
a tennis shoe	three tennis shoes
one assistant headmaster	five assistant headmasters
the sergeant major	some sergeants major
a mother-in-law	two mothers-in-law
an assistant secretary of state	three assistant secretaries of state
my toothbrush	our toothbrushes
a woman-doctor	four women-doctors
a doctor of philosophy	two doctors of philosophy
a passerby, a passer-by	two passersby, two passers-by

Note that there is some variation with words like spoonful or truckful.

The old style was to say spoonsful or trucksful for the plural. Today it

is more usual to say spoonfuls or truckfuls. Both the old style (spoonsful)

and the new style (spoonfuls) are normally acceptable, but you should be

consistent in your choice. Here are some examples:

Some compound nouns have no obvious base word and you may need

to consult a dictionary to find the plural:

higher-ups
also-rans
go-betweens
has-beens
good-for-nothings
grown-ups

Note that with compound nouns made of [noun + noun] the first noun is like an adjective and therefore

does not usually take an -s. A tree that has apples has many apples, but we say an apple tree, not

~~apples tree~~; matchbox not ~~matchesbox~~; toothbrush not ~~teethbrush~~.

With compound nouns made of [noun + noun] the second noun takes an -s for plural. The first noun

acts like an adjective and as you know, adjectives in English are invariable. Look at

these examples:

long plural form becomes →	plural compound noun [noun + noun]
100 trees with apples	100 apple trees
1,000 cables for telephones	1,000 telephone cables
20 boxes for tools	20 tool boxes
10 stops for buses	10 bus stops
4,000 wheels for cars	4,000 car wheels

Topic 2: PREPOSITIONS

Prijedlozi ili prepozicije (PREPOSITIONS)

su male riječi koje najčešće stoje ispred imenice (nekada također ispred –ing oblika – gurand).

Svaka od propozicija može se prevesti na više načina zavisno od konteksta rečenice.

U tabeli se nalaze oblici od najćešće korištenih prepozicija:

Prepozicije za vrijeme:

Prijedlog:	Kontekst u kojem se koristi:	Primjer:
on	o danima u sedmici	on Monday
in	o mjesecima / godišnjim dobima o dijelu dana (jutro, vecer) o određenom periodu vremena (kada?)	in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour
at	o noći o vikendu o tačnom vremenskom periodu (u koliko?)	at night at the weekend at half past nine
since	desilo se od određenog perioda vremena (od...)	since 1980
for	desilo se u prošlosti i dalje traje (već ...)	for 2 years
ago	desilo se prije tačno određenog vremena	2 years ago
before	prije nekog određenog vremena	before 2004
to	kada govorimo o vremenu	ten to six (5:50)
past	kada govorimo o vremenu	ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until	kada označavamo početak i kraj radnje	from Monday to/till Friday
till / until	kada označavamo kada se nešto završilo	He is on holiday until Friday.
by	kada označavamo kraj nečeg	I will be back by 6 o’clock.

Prepozicije za mjesto:

Prijedlog:	Kontekst u kojem se koristi:	Primjer:
in	soba, zgrada, ulica, grad, država, knjiga, notes itd.. auta, taxi slika, svijet	in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world
at	kao „do nečeg“, na nekom mjestu za stol za događaje mjesto gdje radiš ili ideš (kino, škola, posao itd..)	at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work
on	mjesto događaja za mjesto na rijeci sinonimno „na nečemu“, mjesto za strane (desno, lijevo) za spratove u kući / zgradi za javni prevoz za TV, radio	the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside	desno ili lijevo od necega ili nekoga	Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under	na zemlji (podlozi) ispod (pokriveno) neke stvari.	the bag is under the table
below	ispod neke stvari (al ne na zemlji / tlu)	the fish are below the surface
over	iznad neke stvari	put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall
above	iznad neke stvari (ne direktno)	a path above the lake
across	oko neke stvari (preko)	walk across the bridge swim across the lake
through	kroz neku stvar	drive through the tunnel
to	kretanje prema osobi, predmetu, gradu, državi itd.	go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed
into	ući u nesto (sobu, zgradu)	go into the kitchen / the house
towards	kretati se pored neke stvari	go 5 steps towards the house
onto	kretati se iznad neke stvari	jump onto the table
from	sinonimno „odakle“..	a flower from the garden

Ostale često korištene prepozicije:

Prijedlog:	Kontekst u kojem se koristi:	Primjer:
from	od koga, odakle	a present from Jane
of	dio neke stvari, neka stvar od neke	a page of the book the picture of a palace
by	ko je autor, ko je kreirao	a book by Mark Twain
on	za hodanje ili jahanje ulazak u vozilo za javni prevoz	on foot, on horseback get on the bus
in	ulazak u auto / taxi	get in the car
off	izlazak iz vozila za javni prevoz	get off the train
out of	izlazak iz auta / taxi	get out of the taxi
by	povećanje ili smanjenje za prevoz (autom, biciklom, autobusom.. sve osim hodanja ili jahanja)	prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus
at	za godine	she learned Russian at 45
about	sinonimno „o nekoj stvari“	we were talking about you

Prijedlozi za mjesto:
In: koristi se ako je nešto u zatvorenom ili širokom prostoru: in a room, in a building,

in a box, in a garden, in a town/country, in the city centre, in a pool, in the sea, in a river.

Primjeri:
– What have you got in your hand?
– When we were in Italy, we spent a few days in Venice.
– There were some people swimming in the pool.

At: koristi se ako je nešto u određenoj tački u prostoru: at the bus station, at the door,

at the window, at the roundabout, at reception:
– Do you know that man standing at the door?
– We have to get off the bus at the next stop.
– When you leave the hotel, please leave your key at reception.

On: koristi se za nešto što se nalazi na nekoj površini :on the ceiling, on the door, on the table,

on the floor, on the wall, on a page, on an island:
– Have you seen the notice on the notice board?
– The hotel is on a small island in the middle of the lake.

Uporedimo In i At:
There were a lot of people in the shop. but Go along this road, then turn left at the shop.
Poređenje In i On:
There is some water in the bottle. but There is a label on the bottle.
Poređenje At i On:
There is somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is?
There is a notice on the door. It says „ Do not disturb“.

Kažemo da je neko in hospital/in prison/in jail: Ann ‘s mother is in hospital. Ali kažemo da je neko at home/at work/

at school/at university/at college: Julia is studying chemistry at university.

In i at za zgrade
You can eat in a restaurant ili at a restaurant; You can buy something in a supermarket or at a supermarket.
At obično koristimo kada želimo da iskažemo gde se održava neki događaj: We went to a concert at the Royal Festival Hall.
Kažemo at the station/ at the airport:
Do not meet me at the station. I can get a taxi.
Kažemo at somebody’ s house ( kod nečije kuće):
I was at Sue’ s house last night. ili I was at Sue’ s last night.
In koristimo kada govorimo o samoj zgradi. Uporedimo:
We had dinner at the hotel. but All the rooms in the hotel have air conditioning.

In i at za gradove
Obično koristimo In za gradove i sela: The Louvre is a famous art museum in Paris.
Ali možemo koristiti at ili in kada mislimo o mestu kao o tački ili stanicu na putovanju:
Does this train stop at (or in) Nottingham?

On i in za vozila
Obično kažemo on a bus/on a train/on a plane/on a ship but in a car/in a taxi: The bus was very full.

There were too many people on it.Ali reći ćemo: Mary arrived in a taxi.

ESL practice -Mixed Prepositions (task 1):

1. Lucy is arriving ______ February the 13th _______ eight o'clock _____ the morning.

2. The weather in London is often terrible _______ January.

3. It's better to get taxi if you are out alone _______ night.

4. She got married __________ September.

5. They usuallly go ______ the south of France ______ the summer.

6. Columbus sailed to the Americas _______ the 16th century.

7. I graduated from university __________ 2001.

8. I usually go to my parents' house ____ Christmas. We eat turkey together

______ Christmas Day.

9. The train leaves __________ tomorrow morning __________ 8 am.

10. I like to drink tea ___________ in the afternoon.

11. We went out for dinner ______ last Wednesday.

12. She left London __________ the 4th of March.

13. We're meeting _______ lunchtime __________ next Thursday.

14. I swim ______ the pool ___ the LASC campus.

15. Will you drop me ___ my house _______ your way home?

16. Do you like to shop ___ Lucky's Supermarket?

17. We always put tomatoes ______ the salad?

18.What day were you born ___?

19. Crime has been ___ the increase recently.

20. He grabbed me ___ the arm.

21. Mr. Sherwood is staying ___ a hotel.

22. Many people are fond ___ music.

23. He spent all day worrying ___ his sick mother.

24. ___ all the days of the week, I enjoy Tuesday the most.

25. I only know him ___ name.

26. My aunt died ___ lung cancer.

27. Are you angry ___ me?

28. Do you go ______ school ______ foot or _____ bus?

29. A sudden illness prevented her ___ attending the meeting.

30. Please look ___ the blackboard.

31. I prefer coffee ___ tea.

32. He failed the test much ___ the disappointment of his par

33. This dictionary is ___ great use to me.

34. This picture reminds me ___ my childhood.

35. My father is now inquiring ___ the matter.

36. What were you aiming ___?

Topic 3: VERBS

Verbs are the most important part of a sentence. First of all,

we need to distinguish between main (glavni) and auxiliary

(pomoćni) verbs. Main verbs can stand alone. ( He came.

She went to the market. )

Auxiliary verbs are followed by another verb (main verb)

in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense

or the passive. We have 2 types of auxiliary verbs:

1) Primary auxiliary verbs (to be, to have, to do). They can be used

both as main verbs and as auxiliary verbs.

We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary)

We are happy. (be - main)

He does his work on time. (do - main)

Does he work in shifts? (do - auxiliary)

Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary)

I have a dog. (have - main)

2) Modal (auxiliary) verbs are used to express likelihood, ability,

permission and obligation. They are verbs that cannot be used on their own.

They need to be accompanied by another (main)verb.

Modal verbs: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must.....

Verbs are the most important part of a sentence. First of all, we need to distinguish between main (glavni) and auxiliary (pomoćni) verbs.

***Main verbs can stand alone. ( He came. She went to the market. )

*** Auxiliary verbs are followed by another verb (main verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense

or the passive. We have 2 types of auxiliary verbs:

1) Primary auxiliary verbs (to be, to have, to do).

They can be used both as main verbs and as auxiliary verbs.

We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary)

We are happy. (be - main)

He does his work on time. (do - main)

Does he work in shifts? (do - auxiliary)

Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary)

I have a dog. (have - main)

2) Modal (auxiliary) verbs

are used to express likelihood, ability, permission and obligation. They are verbs that cannot be used on their own.

They need to be accompanied by another (main)verb.

Modal verbs: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must.....

Verbs are the most important part of a sentence. First of all,

we need to distinguish between main (glavni) and auxiliary

(pomoćni) verbs. Main verbs can stand alone. ( He came.

She went to the market. )

Auxiliary verbs are followed by another verb (main verb)

in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense

or the passive. We have 2 types of auxiliary verbs:

1) Primary auxiliary verbs (to be, to have, to do). They can be used

both as main verbs and as auxiliary verbs.

We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary)

We are happy. (be - main)

He does his work on time. (do - main)

Does he work in shifts? (do - auxiliary)

Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary)

I have a dog. (have - main)

2) Modal (auxiliary) verbs are used to express likelihood, ability,

permission and obligation. They are verbs that cannot be used on their own.

They need to be accompanied by another (main)verb.

Modal verbs: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must.....

Verbs are the most important part of a sentence. First of all,

we need to distinguish between main (glavni) and auxiliary

(pomoćni) verbs. Main verbs can stand alone. ( He came.

She went to the market. )

Auxiliary verbs are followed by another verb (main verb)

in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense

or the passive. We have 2 types of auxiliary verbs:

1) Primary auxiliary verbs (to be, to have, to do). They can be used

both as main verbs and as auxiliary verbs.

We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary)

We are happy. (be - main)

He does his work on time. (do - main)

Does he work in shifts? (do - auxiliary)

Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary)

I have a dog. (have - main)

2) Modal (auxiliary) verbs are used to express likelihood, ability,

permission and obligation. They are verbs that cannot be used on their own.

They need to be accompanied by another (main)verb.

Modal verbs: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must.....

Read more: https://engeuroblok.webnode.com/gramatika-1-razred/

Verbs are the most important part of a sentence. First of all,

we need to distinguish between main (glavni) and auxiliary

(pomoćni) verbs. Main verbs can stand alone. ( He came.

She went to the market. )

Auxiliary verbs are followed by another verb (main verb)

in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense

or the passive. We have 2 types of auxiliary verbs:

1) Primary auxiliary verbs (to be, to have, to do). They can be used

both as main verbs and as auxiliary verbs.

We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary)

We are happy. (be - main)

He does his work on time. (do - main)

Does he work in shifts? (do - auxiliary)

Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary)

I have a dog. (have - main)

2) Modal (auxiliary) verbs are used to express likelihood, ability,

permission and obligation. They are verbs that cannot be used on their own.

They need to be accompanied by another (main)verb.

Modal verbs: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must.....

Read more: https://engeuroblok.webnode.com/gramatika-1-razred/

Verbs are the most important part of a sentence. First of all,

we need to distinguish between main (glavni) and auxiliary

(pomoćni) verbs. Main verbs can stand alone. ( He came.

She went to the market. )

Auxiliary verbs are followed by another verb (main verb)

in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense

or the passive. We have 2 types of auxiliary verbs:

1) Primary auxiliary verbs (to be, to have, to do). They can be used

both as main verbs and as auxiliary verbs.

We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary)

We are happy. (be - main)

He does his work on time. (do - main)

Does he work in shifts? (do - auxiliary)

Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary)

I have a dog. (have - main)

2) Modal (auxiliary) verbs are used to express likelihood, ability,

permission and obligation. They are verbs that cannot be used on their own.

They need to be accompanied by another (main)verb.

Modal verbs: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must.....

Read more: https://engeuroblok.webnode.com/gramatika-1-razred/

Verbs are the most important part of a sentence. First of all,

we need to distinguish between main (glavni) and auxiliary

(pomoćni) verbs. Main verbs can stand alone. ( He came.

She went to the market. )

Auxiliary verbs are followed by another verb (main verb)

in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense

or the passive. We have 2 types of auxiliary verbs:

1) Primary auxiliary verbs (to be, to have, to do). They can be used

both as main verbs and as auxiliary verbs.

We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary)

We are happy. (be - main)

He does his work on time. (do - main)

Does he work in shifts? (do - auxiliary)

Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary)

I have a dog. (have - main)

2) Modal (auxiliary) verbs are used to express likelihood, ability,

permission and obligation. They are verbs that cannot be used on their own.

They need to be accompanied by another (main)verb.

Modal verbs: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must.....

Topic 3: Stative and Dynamic Verbs

Verbs in English can be classified into two categories: stative verbs and dynamic verbs. Dynamic verbs (sometimes referred to as "action verbs") usually describe actions we can take, or things that happen; stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change. The difference is important, because stative verbs cannot normally be used in the continuous (BE + ING) forms. This will explain the differences between the two types of verb, and give lots of examples of each kind.

Dynamic verbs

Dynamic verbs can be used in the simple and perfect forms (plays, played, has played, had played)

as well as the continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was playing, has been playing, had been playing).

DYNAMIC verb type examples

play activity She plays tennis every Friday.

She's playing tennis right now.

melt process The snow melts every spring.

The snow is melting right now.

Stative verbs

Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or unchanging. They can be divided into verbs of perception

or cognition (which refer to things in the mind), or verbs of relation (which describe the relationships between things).

We CANNOT use these verbs in the continuous (progressive) forms.

Here are some examples:

STATIVE verb type examples

hate perception I hate chocolate.

believe perception She believes in UFOs.

contain relation The box contains 24 cans of soda.

own relation Yong owns three motorbikes.

Note again that we CANNOT use these verbs in the continuous (progressive) forms;

you CAN'T say "*Yong is owning three cars." Owning is a state, not an action, so it is always in the simple form.

Example verbs

Here some common stative and dynamic verbs. The lists may help you to understand what types of verbs are likely to be stative and what types are commonly dynamic.

Stative Verbs	love; hate; like; see; hear; sound; think (meaning "have an opinion"); mind (meaning "care about"); recognize; seem; have (meaning "own"); prefer; doubt; consist of; mean
Dynamic Verbs	eat; drink; go; type; read; write; listen; speak; watch; say; grow; work; sleep; cook; talk

Topic 2: Stative and Dynamic Verbs (TASKS)

Task 1. Put the verbs in brackets in their correct form. Some verbs are stative verbs and some are dynamic verbs.

Use the simple present or present progressive tense.

1. Actually, that ___________ (sound) wonderful.

2. Call me later, I ___________ (cook).

3. I ___________ (promise) that I'll be back soon.

4. Now, Frank and his wife __________ (disagree) on this matter.

5. He _____________ (own) several large companies these days.

6. He _____________ (work) long hours in his company these days.

7. ___________ you ___________ (hear) Richard's voice now?

8. ___________ you ___________ (study) at the moment?

9. I ____________ (not mean) to hurt you.

10. I _____________ (not try) to hurt you.

11. __________ you _____________ (mind) taking out the garbage?

12. At the moment, I seriously ______________ (doubt) that he'll accept our offer.

Task 2. Put the verbs in brackets in their correct form. Some verbs are stative verbs and some are dynamic verbs.

Use the simple present or present progressive tense.

1. The answer ______________ (depend) on the question.

2. The job _____________ (involve) handling several projects at once.

3. Right now I ____________ (watch) TV.

4. She ____________ (owe) me 100 bucks.

5. Now these shoes ______________ (not fit).

6. They _________________ (prefer) not to travel at night.

7. Now it ______________ (snow) outside.

8. The dogs ____________ (bark). I can't sleep.

9. The suitcase ____________ (weigh) too much.

10. At the moment, we _____________ (want) to be alone.

Topic 4: Present Simple vs Present Continuous

**** Present Simple (sadašnja radnja koje se ponavlja u određenim

vremenskim intervalima) is used to express:

habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.
repeated actions or events
We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.
general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.

instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

DON'T FORGET:

Third person singular: ending -s or -es on the main verb (-es for the verbs ending in -o, -ch, -sh, -s, -x).

* Interrogative (upitni) and negative (odrični) form: We use auxiliary verb do - do (I, you, we, you, they) or does (he,she, it).

When we use does, main verb loses its ending (-s or -es).

She works in a post office.

Does she work in a post office?

She doesn't work in a post office.

* Contractions: doesn't, don't.

Present Simple signal words:

always
every ...
often
normally
usually
sometimes
seldom
never

****Present Continuous (sadašnja radnja koje se odvija u ograničenom vremenskom periodu tj.

u trenutku kada o njoj govorimo ili neki kraći ili duži vremenski period) is used to :

1: First, we use the present continuous for things that are happening at the moment of speaking.

These things usually last for quite a short time and they are not finished when we are talking about them.

I'm working at the moment.
Please call back as we are eating dinner now.
Julie is sleeping.

2: We can also use this tense for other kinds of temporary situations, even if the action isn't happening at this moment.

John's working in a bar until he finds a job in his field. (He might not be working now.)
I'm reading a really great book.
She's staying with her friend for a week.

Compare this with the present simple, which is used for permanent situations that we feel will continue for a long time.

I work in a school. (I think this is a permanent situation.)
I'm working in a school. (I think this is a temporary situation.)

3: We can use the present continuous for temporary or new habits (for normal habits that continue for a long time,

we use the present simple). We often use this with expressions like 'these days' or 'at the moment'.

He's eating a lot these days.
She's swimming every morning (she didn't use to do this).
You're smoking too much.

4: Another present continuous use is for habits that are not regular, but that happen very often.

In this case we usually use an adverb like 'always', 'forever' or 'constantly'. Often, we use the present

continuous in this way to talk about an annoying habit.

You're forever losing your keys!
She's constantly missing the train.
Lucy's always smiling!

Future Uses
5: The next use is for definite future arrangements (with a future time word). In this case we have already

made a plan and we are pretty sure that the event will happen in the future.

I'm meeting my father tomorrow.
We're going to the beach at the weekend.
I'm leaving at three.

We can't use this tense (or any other continuous tense) with stative verbs.

DON'T FORGET:

* Auxiliary verb: to be (am,are,is).

* Ending: -ing (on a main verb).

* Contractions: isn't, aren't.

* Example: You are still working for the same company.

Are you still working for the same company?

You aren't still working for the same company.

Present continuous signal words Some common signal words with present continuous are

time words like “now”, “at the moment”, “this week”

and “for the time being” and the words “Look!” and

“Listen!” Look! The match is starting.

Topic 3: Present Simple vs Present Continuous (Tasks)

Task 1.

Present: a) explain - He drives a truck. vs He is driving a truck.

b) complete -

b1) I have to change my shoes. These _ me. I'm sure I have a blister. (kill)

b2) The company _ its offices to a bigger building next month. (move)

b3 ) Water __ at 100 degrees. (boil)

b4) She __ better and better in learning English. (get)

b5) She has a tough job. She ____ late hours. (work)

Task 2: Check Your Understanding!

1. Which answer is the best?
Can you go downtown with me right now?

No, I'm waiting for a phone call.
No, I eat lunch.
No, I take care of my son.

2. Which answer is the best?
How often do you drive to school?

I'm often driving to school every morning.
I'm never driving to school.
I drive to school every morning.

3. Which question is the best?

Is he waiting for the bus on the corner every day?
Does he usually brush his teeth after breakfast?
Is he often going to the park on Sunday?

4. Which sentence is the best?

I'm usually brushing my teeth every morning.
He's learning how to drive this month.
I don't eat breakfast this morning.

5. Which sentence is the best?

Is she liking to go shopping?
I'm hating to drink coffee.
They hate to get to school late.

6. Which sentence is the best?

I'm smelling the milk now, and it doesn't smell bad.
The soup is tasting good.
The house is smelling very good when the cake is baking.

7. Which answer is the best?
What are you doing now?

I'm tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt.
I taste the spaghetti to see if it needs more salt.
The spaghetti is tasting good.

8. Which sentence is the best?

I'm knowing that he came yesterday.
I'm thinking of taking a vacation.
"Enormous" is meaning "big."

9. Which sentence is the best?

They are having a nice house.
She usually isn't having a good time shopping.
We don't have a lot of fun going to the dentist.

10. Which sentence is the best?

This coat is seeming really expensive.
I don't think it's very expensive. It is only costing twenty dollars.
I think it costs two hundred dollars.

Task 3: Complete the sentences with the appropriate form of

the verbs in brackets (choose between Present Simple and

Present Continuous)

I'm in Paris because I ___________ French at a language school (STUDY).
At the moment Cynthia ___________ on the floor with her doll (LIE)
I usually ___________ as a secretary (WORK)
I hate living in Seattle because it always __________ there (RAIN).
I am sorry I can't hear what you __________ because everyone __________ so loudly (SAY, TALK)
Jack ___________________ about his adventures in Tibet (CURRENTLY WRITE)
_____________ to come over for dinner tonight ? (YOU WANT)
Look, I ___________ two tickets for the circus (HAVE)
Look, I ___________two tickets for the circus (HOLD)
Where _______________ (you /STAY) ? In which hotel?

Compaq ____________ computers but it __________ cars. (MAKE, NOT MAKE)
At the moment , the yen _____________ against the dollar. (FALL)
Computers ___________ more an more popular these days. (BECOME)
John __________________ mistakes in spelling. (CONSTANTLY / MAKE)
Everybody ____________ money. It is very important. (NEED)
This milk _____________ fresh. (NOT TASTE)
This afternoon I ______________ my doctor about my skin problem. (SEE)
How are you today? Your voice ____________ much better now. (SOUND)
She normally __________ all the Harry Potter books, but right now I _________ she _________ something else (READ, THINK, READ)
It is strange that people __________ some movies so seriously (TAKE)
What ___________________________ for a living . - Well he is a market consultant (YOUR DAD, DO)
She ________________________ stupid questions.That's really annoying. (ALWAYS / ASK)

Task 4:

Fill in the simple present or present progressive form of the verb in brackets.

Local-born teen carries torch in global relay

Some teenagers _________ (be) too busy thinking about themselves to worry about world issues. But David

Morrison is not your average teenager. Instead of spending his summer vacation on the baseball diamond or

at the pool, the 14-year-old__________ (run).

David ___________ (take) part in the World Harmony Run. According to its Web site, the run is a global relay

that _________ (seek) to promote international friendship and understanding. The relay _________ (take) place

in more than 100 countries.

This is a very great thing to do. We ____________ (get) to spread harmony and see beautiful parts of the country,

David said.

David was born in Youngstown, but moved to Florida seven years ago. His mother, Cynthia, was born in Mexico and ran with

her mother in the Mexican relay as a teenager. She and her son _____________ (know) firsthand what it is like to experience

cultural insensitivity.

When we moved to Florida, the neighbor kids would say, You are half-Mexican, we ___________ (hate) you. Now the kids dont

feel that. They must have learned it from their parents or family environment.

Cynthia added that she is incredibly proud of her son, who was able to understand the true meaning of the run.

It sends a message of friendship and awareness of humanity, Cynthia said. It __________ (say) that no matter your race or color

or anything, were all people and we should get along.

David showed an interest in running as early as 12, his mother said. Cynthia added that she and David _____________ (run) and

_____________ (train) together.

She ____________ (help) me, David _____________ (say). This ____________ (bring) us closer together.

The relay began April 15 at the United Nations in New York. The four-month event ______________ (feature) teams who

run trough all 48 continental states. The relay _______________ (finish) Aug. 15 back at the United Nations.

Task 5.

Form

Present Progressive

Write the ing-form of the following verbs.

fly -
book -
hit -
take -
lie -

Simple Present

Write the 3rd person singular of the following verbs (in Simple Present).

do - he
worry - she
play - she
watch - he
might - she

Use

When to use which tense?

Which tense do you have to use with the following signal words: Look!, now? ___________________
Which tense do you have to use with the following signal words: often, seldom, never? __________
For actions set by a timetable or schedule, we use ___________
In a story, for present actions happening one after another, we use __________
For arrangements for the near future, we use _____________
For actions happening at the moment of speaking, we use _______________

Topic 5: Past Simple vs Past Continuous

**** Past Simple (radnja koja je počela i završila u prošlosti)

is used to express:

something that happened once in the past:

         I met my wife in 1983.
         We went to Spain for our holidays.
         They got home very late last night.

something that happened again and again in the past:

            When I was a boy I walked a mile to school every day.
            We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
            They always enjoyed visiting their friends.

something that was true for some time in the past:

            I lived abroad for ten years.
            He enjoyed being a student.
            She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.

we often use phrases with ago with the past tense:

I met my wife a long time ago.

Topic 4: Past Simple vs Past Continuous (Tasks)

Task 1: Past Simple (regular verbs)

start started

help

wash

live

arrive

study

cry

play

enjoy

stop

plan

agree

borrow

Task 2: Past Simple (irregular verbs)

take took

steal

break

begin

win

meet

shrink

spill

swear

think

throw

forget

catch

weep

know

feed

hide

cut

Past simple signal words Some common signal words with past simple

yesterday.
last week, month....
a month ago.
in 2010.
this morning

**** Past Continuous (fokusiramo se na trenutak ili ograničeno vrijeme u prošlosti)

is used to describe:

A) what we were doing at a specific point in the past

Compare these two sentences:

'I played golf yesterday.' = (past simple) the action of playing golf

is more important than the time it was happening.

'I was playing golf at 2pm.' = (past continuous) what was happening at

that specific time is important. We do not know when the action started ,

or when it finished.

FORM: -- Auxiliary verb to be in past simple form (was, were)

--- Main verb in - ing form

I was sleeping. They were watching TV.

Interrupted Action in the Past

past continuous interrupted action

Use the past continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The

interruption is usually a shorter action in the simple past. Remember this can be a real

interruption or just an interruption

in time.

Examples:

I was watching TV when she called.
When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
What were you doing when the earthquake started?
I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.

But we have to be careful here......

When actions take place one after another we don't use "interrupted action in the past" rule.

In that case all verbs stay in the same form (Past Simple).

Can you see a difference in the meaning of these two sentences?

When the guests arrived, Jane was cooking dinner.
When the guests arrived, Jane cooked dinner.

In the first one, Jane started cooking dinner before the guests arrived.

We know that because it uses the past continuous.

In the second sentence, the guests arrived first and then Jane started cooking.

Interrupted action in the past (Past simple and Past continuous in the same sentence)

While I was doing my science project, my mother came in with a surprise for me.

Actions take place one after another (Past simple for all verbs)

I finished my science project and then my mom came in and told me the surprise is ready.

Parallel actions

The Past Continuous is used to indicate that two actions were happening at the same time; hence parallel actions.

I was watching TV while the children were playing outside.
Were you listening while Kevin was explaining the new policy?
While Sarah was speaking to Fred, Peter was trying to get her attention.
What were they doing while you were working?
We were discussing the new project and having a good time as well.

Describing a mood/atmosphere

We can use the Past Continuous to describe several actions happening at the same time to describe the atmosphere or situation before or as a main action occurs.

When I walked into the bar, Danny and Fred were arguing again. Chris was chatting to the barman with his usual pint. Peter and Sarah were flirting with each other and Liz was telling the rest of the gang one of her outrageous stories about when she was an actress in the West End. The pub was already smelling of pub food and beer and I just felt that it was so good to be home.

Repetition – irritation with 'always'

The Past Continuous with words such as 'always' or 'constantly' indicates something repeated or irritating. Words like 'always' should be placed between the auxiliary 'be' and the present participle.

She was always coming late for meetings. No wonder she was never promoted.
He was always boasting about his financial successes. It irritated us all no end.
I was constantly misplacing my glasses. It’s not a problem with contacts now.

While or when

With the Past Continuous sentences have clauses that start with ‘while’ or ‘when’. ‘While’ usually starts the clause with the Past Continuous, ‘when’ usually starts the clause with the Past Simple.

It started raining while I was jogging. / While I was jogging, it started raining.
When it started raining, I was jogging. / I was jogging when it started raining.

Notice that although the meaning of each pair of sentences is the same, 'while' or 'when' shift emphasis.

Past : c) explain - I watched television. vs I was watching television.

explain - Before her sixth birthday she had never been to the zoo.

She opened her birthday presents and then the whole family went

to the zoo.

d) complete -

d1) Can you tell me what ___ at 11 o'clock last night? (you / do)

d2) We ____ few days with our cousins this summer. (spend)

d3) Why didn't you call? I ____ for you. (wait)

d4) ______ a good time? (you / have)

d5) Who ____ you how to play table tennis? (teach)

e) complete and explain -

e1 ) When I ________ (leave) the house,it _______ (snow).

e2) I ________ (see) you while I _________(cross) the street.

e3) I _______ (pack) my things, ________(take) my keys

and _______ (go out).

e4) I __________(listen) while he __________ (talk).

e5) Why did you disagree with me at the meeting? _____________

________ (you / try) to make me look incompetent?

e6) I always _____________ (walk), even when it rained.

e7) Last night I _____________ (work) on my thesis and it took me a while

to realise that my phone was ringing.

e8) While she ________________ (prepare) her project I ______________

(play) my favourite PC game.

Topic 6: used to + infinitive & would+infinitive

'Used to + infinitive':

We use this expression to talk about habits or repeated actions in the past which

we don't do in the present. We also use it to talk about states in the past which

are no longer true. For example:

I used to have long hair (but now I have short hair).
He used to smoke (but now he doesn't smoke).
They used to live in India (but now they live in Germany).

Watch out! With the negative and the question it's 'use' and not 'used':

Did you use to be a teacher?
Did he use to study French?
She didn't use to like chocolate, but she does now.
I didn't use to want to have a nice house.

Note! With this 'used to' there is no verb 'be'. We CAN'T say ~~'I am used to have long hair'~~.

'Would + infinitive'

We can also use 'would + infinitive' to talk about a habit or repeated action in the past.

We usually use 'would + infinitive' in this way when we're telling a story about the past. So, we can say:

When I was a student, we would often have a drink after class on a Friday.
When I lived in Italy, we would go to a little restaurant near our house.

However, we don't use 'would + infinitive' to talk about states in the past. So, if we're talking about the past, we CAN'T say:

~~I would have long hair.~~
~~I would live in Scotland.~~

Topic 7: Present Perfect Simple

Form:

----- irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs

Example:: I / you / we / they have spoken; he / she / it has spoken

----- regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed

Example:: I / you / we / they have worked; he / she / it has worked

Use:

We use this tense for unfinished and finished actions.

Unfinished Actions
1: We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions or states or habits that started

in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' and we need 'since' or 'for'.

We often use stative verbs.

I've known Karen since 1994.
She's lived in London for three years.
I've worked here for six months.

'Since' and 'For'
We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year). The fixed time can be another action,

which is in the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived).

I've known Sam since 1992.
I've liked chocolate since I was a child.
She's been here since 2pm.

We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months).

I've known Julie for ten years.
I've been hungry for hours.
She's had a cold for a week.

Finished Actions
2: Life experience. These are actions or events that happened sometime during a person's life.

We don't say when the experience happened, and the person needs to be alive now. We often use

the words 'ever' and 'never' here.

I have been to Tokyo.
They have visited Paris three times.
We have never seen that film.

3: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today). The period of time is still continuing.

I haven't seen her this month.
She's drunk three cups of coffee today.
I've already moved house twice this year!

We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word.

NOT:~~I've seen him yesterday.~~

4: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result). We often use the present

perfect to talk about something that happened in the recent past, but that is still true or

important now. Sometimes we can use the past simple here, especially in US English.

I've lost my keys (so I can't get into my house).
She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today).
They've missed the bus (so they will be late).

5: We can also use the present perfect to talk about something that happened recently, even

if there isn't a clear result in the present. This is common when we want to introduce news and

we often use the words 'just / yet / already / recently'. However, the past simple is also correct

in these cases, especially in US English.

The Queen has given a speech.
I've just seen Lucy.
The Mayor has announced a new plan for the railways.

Just, yet, still, already

These words are often used with the present perfect tense although yet, still and already

can all be used with other tenses.

Just

‘Just’ is usually used only with the present perfect tense and it means ‘a short time ago’.

I’ve just seen Susan coming out of the cinema.
Mike’s just called. Can you ring him back please?
Have you just taken my pen? Where has it gone?

In the present perfect, ‘just’ comes between the auxiliary verb (‘have’) and the past participle.

Yet

‘Yet’ is used to talk about something which is expected to happen. It means ‘at any time up to now’.

It is used in questions and negatives.

Have you finished your homework yet? The speaker expects that the homework will be finished.
I haven’t finished it yet. I’ll do it after dinner.

‘Yet’ usually comes at the end of the sentence.

Still

‘Still’ is used to talk about something that hasn’t finished – especially when we expected it to finish earlier.

I’ve been waiting for over an hour and the bus still hasn’t come.
You promised to give me that report yesterday and you still haven’t finished it.

‘Still’ usually comes in ‘mid-position’

Still is often used with other tenses as well as the present perfect.

I’ve still got all those letters you sent me.
Are you still working in the bookshop?

Already

‘Already’ is used to say that something has happened early – or earlier than it might have happened.

I’ve already spent my salary and it’s two weeks before pay day.
The train’s already left! What are we going to do?

‘Already’ usually comes in mid-position.

Topic 8: Present Perfect Continuous

Form:

----- form of 'have' + been + verb + ing

Example:: I / you / we / they have been speaking; he / she / it has been speaking

Use:

We use this tense for unfinished and finished actions.

Unfinished Action
1: To say how long for unfinished actions which started in the past and continue to the present.

We often use this with 'for' and 'since' (see the the present perfect simple page for more about 'for' and 'since').

I've been living in London for two years.
She's been working here since 2004.
We've been waiting for the bus for hours.

This use is very similar to how we use the present perfect simple, and often it's possible to use either tense.

Of course, with stative verbs, we can't use the present perfect continuous.

I've been here for hours.
NOT: ~~I've been being here for hours~~.

2: For temporary habits or situations. The action started in the past and continues to the present in the same

way as with use number 1, but we don't answer the questions about 'how long' so clearly.

Instead, we use a word like 'recently'.

I've been going to the gym a lot recently.
They've been living with his mother while they look for a house.
I've been reading a lot recently.

This is very similar to the use of the present continuous for temporary habits and often either

tense is possible.

Finished action
3: Actions which have recently stopped (though the whole action can be unfinished) and have a result,

which we can often see, hear, or feel, in the present. We don't use a time word here.

I'm so tired, I've been studying.
I've been running, so I'm really hot.
It's been raining so the pavement is wet.

The present perfect simple has a very similar use, which focuses on the result of the action, whereas

the present perfect continuous focuses on the action itself.

4) We use the present perfect continuous to talk about a current situation that

started in the past. We often use it to ask or answer the question

How long …? We can use it with for + a period of time or since + a point in time.

I've been working here for eight years.
‘How long has he been playing basketball?’ ‘Since he was twelve years old.’

5) We use the present perfect continuous to give reasons for current situations.

‘Why is your hair wet?’ ‘I've been swimming in the lake.’
‘Why is she tired?’ ‘She's been working hard all day.’

We don't usually use the present perfect continuous with state verbs like be, have and know.

I've known Jack for five years.I've been knowing Jack for five years

f) complete and explain -

f1) I _________ (not think) of going to Italy before she

_______ (suggest) it.

f2) I can't believe she _______ (eat) my sandwich.

f3) We __________ (already / drink) all our water

before we ________ (realise) there ______ (not be)

any left.

f4) I ___________ (drink) all my water and then I

________ (go) back into the game.

f5) A: _____________ (your dog / rip) your dress?

B: Yes, he _______ (rip) it. I was so upset, I _________

(just / buy) it.

Topic 9: Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous

Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished.

In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present

Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the

Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.

Question # 1: Result or duration?

Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?

Result (Present Perfect Simple)

Result (what / how much / how often)

I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.

Duration (Present Perfect Continuous)

Duration (how long)

I have been writing for an hour.

Verbs that never are never used in the continuous form

The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).

state: be, have (for possession only)
Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He has touched the painting.
brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I have known him for 3 years.

Question # 2: Emphasis on completion or duration?

Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course

(how has somebody spent his time)?

Present Perfect Simple is used when we place.....

emphasis on completion

I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)

Present Perfect Continuous is used when we place.....

Emphasis on duration

I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time.

It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

Question # 3: Result or side effect?

Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?

Present Perfect Simple is used for.....

desired result

I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)

Present Perfect Continuous is used for.....

unwanted side effect

Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect:

I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

Question # 4: Permanent or temporary?

If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation,

we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would

prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency.

Present Perfect Simple is used for.....

permanent

James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)

Present Perfect Continuous is used for.....

temporary

James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary.

Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

Signal words....

for Present Perfect Simple = how often, times;

for Present Perfect Continuous: how long, since, for.

Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous

* focuses on the result * focuses on the activity

e.g You've cleaned the bathroom. e.g. I've been gardening.

It looks lovely. It's so nice out there.

* says "how many" * says "how long"

e.g. She's read ten books this summer. e.g. She's been reading that book all day.

* describes a completed action * describes an activity which may continue

e.g. I've written you an email. e.g. I've been writing emails.

* when we can see evidence of recent activity

e.g. The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?

I know, I'm really red. I've been running!

Present perfect : g) explain - I bought a new car. vs I have bought a new car.

explain - I’ve been decorating the house this summer. vs

I’ve painted the living room blue.

g) complete - use Present Perfect Simple / Continuous or Past Simple:

g1) We __________ dinner. (already / prepare)

g2) How long ________ (she / work ) here? For thirty years.

g3) I usually work in London but I ___ in Birmingham for the last 3 weeks. (work)

g4) What ____________ while I was out? (you / do)

g5) Sarah ___________ (do) a lot of great things for our

organisation since we _______ (hire) her.

g6) A: You look tired. B: Yes. I ___________ (run) a lot.

g7) Who _________ (tell) you what happened?

g8) She _________ (fly) twice so far, and she _______ (tell) me it is a

great experience.

g9) Sam __________ (live) in the same house since he _____ (be) born.

g10) I ____________ (not see) new James Bond movie yet.

g11) A: When _____________ (you / eat) sushi for the first time?

B: I think I ______ (eat) it when I _______ (be) 11.

In fact, it _____ (be) so good that we _______ (be) to that

restaurant three times since then. And on my mum's birthday, we

ordered some sushi and _____ (have) it at home.

g12) He ____________ (not finish) his homework because he

________ (watch) television for the last two hours.

Topic 10: Future

All of the following ideas can be expressed using different tenses:

Simple prediction: There will be snow in many areas tomorrow.
Arrangements: I'm meeting Jim at the airport.
Plans and intentions: We're going to spend the summer abroad.
Time-tabled events: The plane takes off at 3 a.m.
Prediction based on present evidence: The sky is black, it's going to rain!
Willingness or decisions that we make at the moment of speaking: We'll give you a lift to the cinema. / I'll help you.
Objective truth: In 2028 the Svalbard Vault will celebrate its 20th anniversary.
An action in progress in the future: This time next week I'll be sun-bathing.
An action or event that is a matter of routine: You'll be seeing John in the office tomorrow, won't you?
Obligation: You are to travel directly to London.
An action or event that will take place immediately or very soon: The train is about to leave.
Projecting ourselves into the future and looking back at a completed action: A month from now he will have finished all his exams.

8a) Future (with Present simple)

8b) Future (with Present continuous)

8c) Future (with will)

8d) Future (with going to)

8e) Future continuous

When we know about the future we normally use the present tense.

8a) We use the present simple for something scheduled or arranged:

We have a lesson next Monday.
The train arrives at 6.30 in the morning.
The holidays start next week.
It is my birthday tomorrow.

8b) We can use the present continuous for plans or arrangements.

I’m playing football tomorrow.
They are coming to see us tomorrow.
We’re having a party at Christmas.

The present continuous is used to talk about arrangements for events at a time later than now.

There is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that some preparation

has already happened. e.g.

I'm meeting Jim at the airport = Jim and I have discussed this.
I am leaving tomorrow. = I've already bought my train ticket.
We're having a staff meeting next Monday = all members of staff have been told about it.

8c) We use will to talk about the future:

When we make predictions:

It will be a nice day tomorrow.
I think Brazil will win the World Cup.
I’m sure you will enjoy the film.

To mean want to or be willing to:

I hope you will come to my party.
George says he will help us.

To make offers and promises:

I'll see you tomorrow.
We'll send you an email.

To talk about offers and promises:

Tim will be at the meeting.
Mary will help with the cooking.

Decisions that we take at the moment of speaking:

I'll have a cup of tea.
Where can I find more information? I know. I'll look on the Internet.

To talk about an objective truth:

In 2028 the Svalbard Vault will celebrate its 20th anniversary.

It's my birthday next month. I'll be seventeen.

8d) We use (be) going to:

To talk about plans and intentions:

I’m going to drive to work today.
They are going to move to Manchester.

When we can see (or have evidence) that something is likely to happen.

Be careful! You are going to fall.
Look at those black clouds. I think it’s going to rain.

8e) We use future continuous (will be + /verb/ing )

The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a

time later than now. The future continuous is used for quite a few different purposes.

a) The future continuous can be used to project ourselves into the future.

Examples

This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Bali.
By Christmas I will be skiing like a pro.
Just think, next Monday you will be working in your new job.

b) The future continuous can be used for predicting or guessing about future events.

Examples

He'll be coming to the meeting, I expect.
I guess you'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun.
You'll be missing the sunshine once you're back in England.

c) In the interrogative form, the future continuous can be used to ask politely for information

about the future.

Examples

Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight?
Will Jim be coming with us?
Will she be going to the party tonight?
Will I be sleeping in this room?

d) The future continuous can be used to refer to continuous events that we expect

to happen in the future.

Examples

I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.
When he is in Australia he will be staying with friends.
I'll be eating with Jane this evening so I can tell her.

e) When combined with still, the future continuous refers to events that are already happening

now and that we expect to continue some time into the future.

Examples

In an hour I'll still be ironing my clothes.
Tomorrow he'll still be suffering from his cold.
Next year will she still be wearing a size six?
Won't stock prices still be falling in the morning?
Unfortunately, sea levels will still be rising in 20 years.

Topic 11: Past Perfect Simple

Functions of the past perfect

The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened

before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which

one happened first. In these examples, Event A is the event that happened first and Event B is the second

or more recent event:

Event A	Event B
John had gone out	when I arrived in the office.
Event A	Event B
I had saved my document	before the computer crashed.
Event B	Event A
When they arrived	we had already started cooking.
Event B	Event A
He was very tired	because he hadn't slept well.

Forming the past perfect

The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have (had) +

the past participle of the main verb.

e.g.

Affirmative
She	had	given
Negative
She	hadn't	asked.
Interrogative
Had	they	arrived?
Interrogative Negative
Hadn't	you	finished?

Past perfect + just

'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than before now, e.g.

The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
She had just left the room when the police arrived.
I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.

Past Simple vs Past Perfect

Use

We use Simple Past if we give past events in the order in which they occured. However, when we

look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect.

Normal order in the past or looking back to an event before a certain time in the past?

Do you just want to tell what happened some time in the past or do you want to tell what had

happened before/up to a certain time in the past?

Simple Past	Past Perfect Simple
some time in the past Example: Jane got up at seven. She opened her birthday presents and then the whole family went to the zoo.	before/up to a certain time in the past Example: Before her sixth birthday, Jane had never been to the zoo.

Simple Past

Past Perfect Simple

some time in the past

Example:: Jane got up at seven. She opened her birthday presents and then the whole family went to the zoo.

before/up to a certain time in the past

Example:: Before her sixth birthday, Jane had never been to the zoo.

Signal Words

Simple Past	Past Perfect Simple
first then	already up to then before that day after*

*Note: "After" is only used as a signal word for Past Perfect if it is followed by a subject + verb, meaning that

one action had been completed before another action began (the new action is in Simple Past).

Example:: After the family had had breakfast, they went to the zoo.

However, if "after" is followed by object + subject + verb, the verb belongs to the new action and is therefore in Simple Past.

Example:: After her visit to the zoo, Jane was exhausted.

More exceptions with signal words

When

Depending on the situation, "when" can be used with Simple Past or Past Perfect. Compare the following examples:

Example:: When Jane saw the elephants, she was amazed. (at the same time)
: When Jane had seen the elephants, she wanted to see the giraffes. (second action happened after the first action had been completed)
: When Jane went to see the elephants, she had already seen the lions. (second action had been completed when the first action took place)

Before

"Before" as well can either be used with Simple Past or Past Perfect. If the action after "before" is a new action, use Simple Past. If the action after "before" started (and was not completed) before a certain time in the past, use Past Perfect. Compare the following examples:

Example:: Jane had read a lot about elephants before she went to the zoo.; Jane went to the zoo before she had finished reading her new book about elephants.

Task 1 - Past Simple or Past Perfect (choose)

1. The wind ___________ (blew / had blown) away the leaves that we ___________

(collected / had collected).

2. She _________ (threw / had thrown) away the letter that she ____________

(wrote / had written).

3. They ___________ (showed / had shown) me the pictures, they _____________

(took / had taken) during their holidays.

4. In the evening, children __________ (told / had told) their daddy what they _________

(saw / had seen) at the zoo.

5. The boy ___________ (was / had been) very sorry, for what he _____________

(did / had done).

Task 2 - Put the verbs into the correct tense (Past Simple or Past Perfect)

1. Bob ____________ (wake) up early in the morning.

2. He ___________ (feel) very tired because he _____________ (sleep / not) very well the night

before.

3. A strange noise in the garden __________ (keep) him awake.

4. Now it _________ (be) six o'clock and _________ (get) up and ____________ (go) to the

bathrom where he ______________ (have) a cold shower to wake up.

5. Then he __________ (make) himself a nice cup of coffee.

6. When Bob __________ (look) out of kitchen window, he ______________ (not / believe)

his eyes.

7. There ___________ (be) a bear in his garden.

8. He ____________ (search) Bob's garden for food last night.

9. Bob ____________ (knock) at the window.

10. The bear__________ (hear) that and __________ (run) away.

11. But what a mess the bear _________ (make) in the garden.

Task 3 - Put the verbs into the correct tense (Past Simple or Past Perfect)

1. We _____________ (already / eat) when John ____________ (come) home.

2. Last year Juan ______________ (pass) all his exams.

3. When I ______________ (get) to the airport I _____________ (discover) I _______________

(forget) my passport.

4. I ______________ (go) to the library, then I ____________ (buy) some milk and ____________

(go) home.

5. I ________________ (open) my handbag to find out I _________________ (forget) my

credit card.

6. When we ______________ (arrive) at the station, the train ____________________ (already / leave).

7. We _______________ (get) home to find out someone ________________ (break into) the house.

8. I ___________________ (know) my husband for three years when we ________________ (get) married.

9. Julie ____________ (be) was very pleased to see that John ______________ (clean) the kitchen.

10. It _______________ (not rain) all summer, so the grass ______________ (be) completely dead.

11. When we arrived at the party Julie _________________ (already / leave).

12. After arriving home, I realised I ________________ (not buy) any milk.

13. William _______________ (feel) ill last night, because he _______________ (eat) too many cakes.

14. Keiko ______________ (meet) William last September.

15. First I ___________ (tidy) the flat, then I ______________ (sit) down and __________ (have) a cup

of coffee.

16. When Julie got home from her holiday, the flat was a mess. John _____________ (have ) a party.

Topic 12: Conditionals (Conditional sentences)

Conditionals (Kondicionali) - Conditional sentences (Kondicionalne rečenice)

*** What are conditionals (conditional sentences)? How many conditionals are there?

There are four different types of conditional sentences in English. Each expresses a different degree of probability

that a situation will occur or would have occurred under certain circumstances. Each conditional sentences

consists of if clause and main clasue. If clause is dependent and main clause is independent.

Zero Conditional Sentences
First Conditional Sentences
Second Conditional Sentences
Third Conditional Sentences

condition = uvjet / uslov

*** Form - Use - Meaning ?

*** First Conditional

First conditional sentences are used to express situations in which the outcome is likely (but not guaranteed)

to happen in the future. It depends on the condition in if clause. Look at the examples below:

If you rest, you will feel better.

We won't go on a picnic, if it rains.

We use the simple present tense in the if-clause and simple future tense in the main clause—that is,

the clause that expresses the likely outcome. This is how we indicate that under a certain condition

(as expressed in the if-clause), a specific result will likely happen in the future.

*** Second Conditional

Second conditional sentences are useful for expressing outcomes that are completely unrealistic or will not

likely happen in the future. Look at the examples below:

If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.

If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.

We use the simple past tense in the if-clause and an auxiliary modal verb (e.g., could, should, would, might) in the main clause

(the one that expresses the unrealistic or unlikely outcome).

*** Third Conditional

Third conditional sentences are used to explain that present circumstances would be different if something different had

happened in the past. Look at the following examples:

If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.

If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.

These sentences express a condition that was likely enough, but did not actually happen in the past. The speaker

in the first sentence was capable of leaving early, but did not. Along these same lines, the speaker in the second

sentence was capable of cleaning the house, but did not. These are all conditions that were likely, but regrettably

did not happen.

We use the past perfect (i.e., had + past participle) in the if-clause.

The modal auxiliary (would, could, should, etc.) + have + past participle in the main clause expresses

the theoretical situation that could have happened.

*** Zero Conditional

Zero conditional sentences express general truths—situations in which one thing always causes another.

When you use a zero conditional, you’re talking about a general truth rather than a specific instance of

something. Look at the following examples:

If you don’t brush your teeth, you get cavities.

When people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers.

When using the zero conditional, the correct tense to use in both clauses is the simple present tense.

It is incorrect to use will (the simple future tense).

When people smoke cigarettes, their health will suffer . (INCORRECT)

When people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers. (CORRECT)

Notice that the words if and when can be used interchangeably in these zero conditional sentences.

This is because the outcome will always be the same, so it doesn’t matter “if” or “when” it happens.

Topic 13: Active vs Passive Voice

"Voice" is a grammatical category that applies to verbs.

Voice in English expresses the relationship of the subject to the action.

Voice has two values:

active: the subject does the action
passive: the object receives the action

Active: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.

Passive: Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

The active voice is the "normal" voice - the one that we use most of the time.

In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb.

Remember: SVO - Subject Verb Object

e.g. Cats eat mice.

The passive voice is less common. In the passive voice,

the subject receives the action of the verb:

Remember: OVA - Object Verb Agent

e.g. Mice are eaten by cats.

How do we make the passive?

The basic structure of a passive clause is very simple:

1) OBJECT (from the sentence in Active voice) +

2) auxuliary verb to be (takes the form of the Active sentence) +

3) main verb of the Active sentence (in past participle form) +

4) by Agent (this is sometimes omitted)

Present Simple Passive:

Active: Construction workers build houses.

Passive: Houses are built by construction workers.

Past Simple Passive:

Jack took my school bag.

My school bag was taken by Jack.

Future (will) Passive:

Somebody will clean the room.

The room will be cleaned.

Present Continuous Passive:

Mike is mending his bike.

Mike's bike is being mended.

Topic 14: Reported Speech

If we want to say what somebody has said, we have two options:

We can use the person's exact words - in quotation marks "..." if we are writing (direct speech).
We can change the person's words into our own words (reported speech).

1. Direct speech (exact words): He said: "I like you."

2. Reported speech (my words): He said that he liked me.

Step 1 - Reported statements

We usually introduce reported statements with "reporting verbs" such as "say" or "tell":

He said (that)...
He told me (that)...

Note: that is optional. Statements with that sound more formal.

When we use our own words to report speech, there are one or two things that we sometimes change:

pronouns may need to change to reflect a different perspective
tense sometimes has to go back one tense (eg, present becomes past) - this is called backshift

1. Direct speech: He said "I am sick".

2. Reported speech: He said (that) he was sick.

There are sometimes other things too that we may need to change, such as time or place.

Examples:

1. Direct speech: Jane said: "I was sick yesterday."

2. Reported speech: Jane said she had been sick the day before.

1. Direct speech: She said: "It is hot in here."

2. Reported speech: She said it was hot in there.

We also sometimes need to think about the third person singular "s":

1. Direct speech: Mary said: "I work in London."

2. Reported speech: Mary said she works in London.

Note: : Notice that in the above example, we do not change the tense.

Usually, with the present simple, if something is still true now -

she still works in London - we don't need to change it.

Typical reporting verbs for statements: say, tell, mention, inform

He said that...
He said...
He told me that...
He told me...
He mentioned that...
He informed me that...

Step 2 - Backshift in Reported speech

When do we use Backshift

We use backshift when it is logical to use backshift. So, for example,

if two minutes ago John said "I am hungry" and I am now telling his sister,

I might NOT use backshift (because John is still hungry):

John just said that he is hungry.

But if yesterday John said "I am hungry" and I am now telling his sister,

I would likely use backshift:

Yesterday, John said that he was hungry.

[We hope that John has eaten since yesterday ;-) ]

So we use backshift SOMETIMES but not always. And WHEN we use backshift,

here's how it works with these common tenses and modals:

Backshift

present simple goes back to past simple

present continuous goes back to past continuous

past simple goes back to past perfect simple

present perfect simple goes back to past perfect simple

past continuous goes back to past perfect continuous

can goes back to could

may goes back to might

will goes back to would

shall goes back to should

We NEVER use backshift when the original words are:

past perfect
could
might
would
should

DON'T FORGET:

If a situation is still true, backshift is optional.
For a general truth there is no need for backshift.

Step 3 - Time and place

Time words

If we report something around the same time, then we probably do not

need to make any changes to time words. But if we report something

at a different time, we need to change time words.

He said: "It was hot yesterday." → He said that it had been hot the day before.
He said: "We are going to swim tomorrow." → He said they were going to swim the next day.

Here is a list of common time words, showing how you change them for reported speech:

direct speech	reported speech
now	then, at that time
today	that day, on Sunday, yesterday
tonight	that night, last night, on Sunday night
tomorrow	the next day/ the following day, on Sunday, today
yesterday	the day before/ the previous day, on Sunday
last night	the night before/ the previous night, on Sunday night
this week	that week, last week
last month	the month before/ the previous month, in May
next year	the following year, in 2014
two minutes ago	two minutes before
in one hour	one hour later

Place words

If we are in the same place when we report something, then we do

not need to make any changes to place words. But if we are in a

different place when we report something, then we need to

change the place words.

He said: "It is cold in here." → He said that it was cold in there.
He said: "How much is this book?" → He asked how much the book was.

direct speech	indirect speech
here	there, in Starbucks
this	that
this book	the book, that book, War and Peace
in this room	in the room, in that room, in the kitchen

Topic 15: Mixed Tenses

Task 1 - Put the verbs into the correct form (simple present or present progressive).

Maria (want) _______________ to improve her English. Therefore, she (do) ______________ a language course in London .

She (stay) _______________ with a host family and (must) ___________ take the tube to get to her language school.

It (be) _________ only a five-minute walk to the nearest tube station. The tube (leave) ____________ at half past eight.

The first lesson (begin) __________ at 9 o'clock.

In the afternoons, the school (offer) _____________ sightseeing tours in and around London.

Tomorrow, the students of the language school (go) ____________ to Windsor.

Task 3 - Put the verbs into the correct form (simple present, present perfect simple

or present progressive).

1. A: Can I borrow your calculator?

B: Sorry, but I _____________ (still / use) it.

A: OK. It _____________ (not matter). I'll ask John.

2. I ______________ (never / wear) a tie to work and I ___________ (refuse) to start now.

3. If you drop it it will explode! What _____________ ( you / do)?

4. You are a great cook. This cake ____________ (taste) wonderfully.

5. Excuse me, but ________________ (this bus / stop) outside the Post Office?

6. Henry ________________ (still / not find) a job.

7. I _____________ (drive). You can sit in the back with Martin.

8. How long ________________ (you / wait) for the bus? You ____________ (look)

really annoyed!

9. Joan _____________ (seldom / sit) next to Eve.

10. I've finished my exams so I ______________ (lie) on the beach the rest of

the summer.

11. In winter, what ________________ (he / wear)?

12. Why _________________ (you / look) at me like that? Have I done something

wrong.

13. This coat _______________ (not / fit) me. I need a larger size.

14. This is an exam. Why _______________ (you / talk)?

15. Thanks for the great time. I ______________ (have) a lovely evening.

16. I ________________ (not decide) about buying a new bike yet. I ____________

(think) about it.

17. How many books ______________ (she / edit) so far?

Task 4 - Put the verbs into the correct form (will, going to, simple present or present progressive).

1. I love London. I __________________ (probably / go) there next year.

2. Our train ______________ (leave) at 4:47.

3. What ______________________ (you / wear) at the party tonight?

4. I haven't made up my mind yet. But I think I _____________ (find)

something nice in my mum's wardrobe.

5. This is my last day here. I ________________ (go) back to England tomorrow.

6. Hurry up! The conference ____________ (begin) in 20 minutes.

7. My horoscope says that I ________________ (meet) an old friend this week.

8. Look at these big black clouds! It _________________ (rain).

9. Here is the weather forecast. Tomorrow _____________ (be) dry and sunny.

Task 5 - Mixed tenses (Future) - Choose the most suitable verb form in

each sentence.

1. If you arrive late to the party, the best food _____________.

a) will go b) is going to go c) will have gone

2. Don't come to my home at lunch time._____________ my favourite television

programme then. a) I'll watch b) I'll be watching c) I'll have watched

3. Be careful! The train _________________ leave.

a) will leave b) is going to leave c) leaves

4. Can I change my appointment for this afternoon please, because ____________ tomorrow.

a) I'm leaving b) I'll leave c) I'll be leaving d) I'll have left

Task 6 - Mixed tenses - choose past simple, past continuous or past perfect to

complete the sentences below.

It was Sunday afternoon. I ______________ (watch) a cookery program on TV when

I ____________ (realise) how hungry I ____________ (be). But of course I was

hungry; I _____________ (not eat) anything since lunch, and I ___________ (run)

a race in the morning. "Biscuits" I ___________ (think). My mother _____________

(give) me a jar of delicious home-made biscuits. I _________________ (go) into

the kitchen, _______________ (open) the fridge and _______________ (pour) some

milk into a big glass. Then I ____________ (look) for a kitchen chair but it __________

(not be) there - somebody ____________ (take) it away. And there were no biscuits

in the biscuit jar; somebody ____________ (eat) them all! I was sure I ____________

(put) the jar there the previous day, and I ___________ (eat) only one cookie. It was

very strange. A few minutes later, I ________________ (drink) my glass of milk when I

___________ (hear) a loud noise coming from the dining room. I ____________ (go)

there quickly and I _____________ (open) the door. I couldn't believe my eyes. An

enormous monkey _____________ (eat) the biscuits excitedly on the kitchen chair.

1b) Grammar - part 2:

Discourse markers

Choose the correct word for each sentence - each is only used once.

moreover on the other hand at least however
besides firstly whereas then

actually though

1. I had a terrible day at work and lost my umbrella too. I spoke to that nice

guy who works in the coffee shop at last!

2. Television turns people into lazy couch potatoes. , there are some educational

programmes on.

3. , I would like to welcome you all to the conference today.

4. the film was a little boring, we still had a nice evening out.

5. I've always known Caroline as a mean person. , she lent me $10 yesterday

without me having to ask twice!

6. I got up at 9 o'clock yesterday and had a cold shower. , I had breakfast and

left for work.

7. My brother works in a large office I work on my own at home.

8. Why do you think I don't want to go out tonight. , I would be

delighted to get out of the house.

9. You should go to university as it gives you a chance to meet so many new

people. , it gives you the chance to get important qualifications and get a better job.

10. I don't want to go to the football game. Football bores me and I don't want to pay $40

for a ticket. , look at the weather! All that rain!

Compound nouns

You need to construct compound nouns from these words in the box below to fill in the

gaps in the sentences. Some of the words are used twice, but in a different order!

All answers should be entered as two separate words.

window reading seat pub day

phone child light fishing card

table food frame work boat

1. I only have coins on me and that's a card phone. I will have to see if there is a public

phone in that bar.

2. I want to put a in the car as they say it really makes toddlers safer

while driving.

3. John was furious with the airline company. He sat on that plane for 14 hours and

his didn't work. He couldn't even finish that novel he was reading during

the flight. He had to try and sleep.

4. "What type of credit card is that?" "That's not a credit card. That's a

I use it once a week to call my mum back home in New Zealand."

5. All the in this house have to be repainted. Otherwise, they will rot

over the winter and then we may not be able to open the windows in the spring.

6. English restaurants have a terrible reputation, but the is very

tasty.

7. I worked at night for so long that when I finally started to do some ,

I found it really strange.

8. A sank off the Spanish coast last night. Both fishermen were saved

by the coast guard.

9. I know that Monday is a holiday for everyone else, but for us it's a normal .

We have to get this project finished by Wednesday!

10. Why do you have a in the middle of your lounge? I keep feeling tempted

to go up to the bar to order drinks!!

1c) English idioms:

English idioms, proverbs, and expressions are an important part of everyday English.

They come up all the time in both written and spoken English. Because idioms don't always

make sense literally (if you consider each word separately), you'll need to familiarize yourself

with the meaning and usage of each idiom. That may seem like a lot of work, but learning

idioms is fun, especially when you compare English idioms to the idioms in your own language.

NAPOMENA: NA DNU STRANICE MOŽETE SKINUTI ZA SEBE FAJL SA ODABRANIM IDIOMIMA!!!!

e.g.

Idiom Meaning Usage

A blessing in disguise a good thing that seemed bad at first as part of a sentence

It's not rocket science it's not complicated by itself

No pain, no gain You have to work for what you want by itself

Under the weather sick as part of a sentence

Cost an arm and a leg very expensive as part of a sentence

a snake in the grass one who pretends to be a friend as part of a sentence

but is not a true friend, wants to deceive

on clude nine extremely happy as part of a sentence

* Body Idioms (choose one for each space)

Chip on the shoulder                                            Get it off your chest
Have the stomach for a fight                                Have your finger in many pies.
Have your head in the clouds                                Have your head screwed on straight
Head over heels in love                                        Pig's ear
Head start                                                            Keep your chin up
Keep your ear to the ground                                    Lip service
Look down your nose at people

1. Even if he gave you a _____________________ , he would still win. He's very fast!!

2. You have made a total _____________________ of that cake! We will have to start all

over again!!

3. If you are so worried and stressed about this problem, you should go and speak to your

boss and _____________________.

4. Look, I know it's been a terrible day, but try and _____________________. Your holidays

start next week.

5. _____________________and tell me if you find out something before I do.

6. He has always been considered a very wise, sensible person. He definitely _____________________.

7. I think she is totally besotted with him. She thinks about him all day and seems to be __________________.

8. First he started that company that makes sofas. Then he began selling computer software

and now he has started his own website. He has always _____________________.

9. I think the problem with Maggie is that she _____________________and thinks she is better

than anyone else. All because her father has so much money.

10. It's not that he doesn't like you Mike. He hates anyone who went to university. He has a

real _____________________about it!!

11. The manager acted very tough at the beginning of the dispute but, in the end,

didn't _____________________ once the workers called a strike.

12. He is not stupid. His problem is that his concentration is terrible and he spends most

of the day thinking about his crazy travel dreams. He _____________________.

13. I heard everything he said but it was all just _____________________. He didn't mean a

word of it and he doesn't care at all about this problem.

3a) Fajlovi za download:

Phrasal verbs 3rd y students.docx (57679)

Idioms 4th y students.doc (227328)

Grammar - English

What is a Noun?

Categories of Nouns

Forms of Nouns

Additional Info About Nouns

Plural-Only Nouns

Plural-Only Nouns with Two Parts

Clothing

Tools

pair of

Other Plural-Only Nouns

Compound Nouns

Pronunciation

British/American differences

Plural Forms of Compound Nouns

Topic 2: PREPOSITIONS

Topic 3: VERBS

Topic 3: Stative and Dynamic Verbs

Dynamic verbs

Stative verbs

Example verbs

Topic 2: Stative and Dynamic Verbs (TASKS)

Topic 4: Present Simple vs Present Continuous

Topic 3: Present Simple vs Present Continuous (Tasks)

Fill in the simple present or present progressive form of the verb in brackets.

Local-born teen carries torch in global relay

Present Progressive

Simple Present

Use

Topic 5: Past Simple vs Past Continuous

Topic 4: Past Simple vs Past Continuous (Tasks)

Interrupted Action in the Past

Parallel actions

Describing a mood/atmosphere

Repetition – irritation with 'always'

While or when

Topic 6: used to + infinitive & would+infinitive

Topic 7: Present Perfect Simple

Just, yet, still, already

Topic 8: Present Perfect Continuous

Topic 9: Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous

Question # 1: Result or duration?

Question # 2: Emphasis on completion or duration?

Question # 3: Result or side effect?

Question # 4: Permanent or temporary?

Signal words....

Topic 10: Future

Examples

Examples

Examples

Examples

Examples

Topic 11: Past Perfect Simple

Functions of the past perfect

Forming the past perfect

Past perfect + just

Use

Normal order in the past or looking back to an event before a certain time in the past?

Signal Words

More exceptions with signal words

When

Before

Topic 12: Conditionals (Conditional sentences)

Conditionals (Kondicionali) - Conditional sentences (Kondicionalne rečenice)

Topic 13: Active vs Passive Voice

How do we make the passive?

Topic 14: Reported Speech

Step 3 - Time and place

Time words

Place words

Topic 15: Mixed Tenses

Contact