Engleska gramatika
Nouns (imenice)
Common nouns (zajedničke imenice): book, table, building, cat, dog, house...
Proper nouns (vlastite imenice): Susan, England, Tuzla, Adnan .......
Verbs (glagoli) : take, be, can, like, play, watch, have, would...
Pronouns (zamjenice): you,he, she.... yourself, myself, when, that....
Adjectives (pridjevi): beautiful, funny, long, slow, fast, my, your....
Adverbs (prilozi): quietly, slowly, now, always...
Prepositions (prijedlozi / prepozicije): in, at, on, with....
Articles (članovi):
Indefinite article (Nedređeni član) : a, an
Definite article (Određeni član): the
2. Druga tema: Imenice (nouns)
Imenica (Noun)?
Primjeri imenica kroz rečenice (boldovane radi lakšeg uočavanja):
- The boy and girl were holding hands as they crossed the bridge to on the way to town.
- I love watching my cat play with the pink yarn.
- It is raining! Everyone, grab your umbrella and rain hat and watch out for the puddles!
Kategorije imenica
Postoje nekoliko kategorija imenica koje se mogu i preklapati. Naprimjer, postoje zajedničke i vlastite
imenice, konkretne i apstraktne imenice. Međutime, neke imenice su i konkretne i zajedničke ili
konkretne i vlastite. Jasnije će vam biti nakon čitanja narednih redova.
Zajedničke imenice (common nouns) odnose se na stvari uopšteno: country, evening, laughter, puppy, umbrella.
Primjeri zajedničkih imenica su boldovani ispod:
- Cathy loves the weekends in the country.
- We enjoy swimming after breakfast.
- The cup fell and broke.
Vlastite imenice (proper nouns) identificiraju nekoga ili nešto, mjesto ili osobu. Oni se pišu velikim slovom:
Mary, Jimmy, Aunt Audrey, Honda, Philadelphia
Primjeri vlastitih imenica su boldovani ispod:
- Emily loved spending time with her Aunt Nancy in Paris.
- Buick and Jeep are two important carmakers.
- We visited Lake Erie, which separates the United States and Canada.
Konkretne imenice (concrete nouns) predstavljaju stvari koje su stvarne i opipljive:
pig, person, rock, smell, air, soup, Larry .....
Još primjera konkretnih imenica: cup, computer, diamond, rollercoaster, shampoo, Debby
Primjeri konkretnih imenica su boldovani ispod:
- The person threw the rock across the yard.
- My dog, Oreo, jumped in the air and caught the ball!
- Can you smell the soup, John?
Apstraktne imenice (abstract nouns) predstavljaju stvari koje su ustvari koncepti ili ideje:
love, integrity, democracy, friendship, beauty, knowledge.
Primjeri apstraktnih imenica su boldovani ispod:
- Love and friendship are equally important.
- Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
- Your mind can know a million things.
Imenice se mogu klasificirati i u sljedeće dvije grupe brojive (countable) ili nebrojive (uncountable).
Brojive imenice (countable nouns) se mogu brojati: airplane, sock, bowl, noodle, teacher, as in
two airplanes, three socks, 1000 noodles.
Još primjera brojivih imenica: peach, horse, shirt, telescope
Primjeri brojivih imenica su boldovani ispod:
- There are five dogs in the street.
- I bought three tons of coal.
- Margaret has six pairs of blue sandals.
Nebrojive imenice (uncountable nouns) mogu imati kvantitet ili količinu ali se ne mogu brojati:
water, music, clothes, understanding.
Još primjera nebrojivih imenica: hate, confidence, attractiveness, wisdom
Primjeri nebrojivih imenica su boldovani ispod:
- Love is in the air.
- The four elements are air, earth, fire and water.
- Her humor knows no bounds.
Collective nouns (Zbirne imenice) odnose se na grupu ljudi ili stvari: audience, team, bunch, family, class.
Kada je riječ o zbirnim imenicama, Amerikanci ih tretiraju kao jedninu, koriste glagole za jedninu
uz njih, kao npr. the group dances happily. Kada je u pitanju britanski engleski (British English),
mogu se koristiti i oblik glagola u jednini i množini, pa je dozvoljeno i npr. the group dance
before the Queen.
Još primjera zbirnih imenica: government, jury, team, bunch, school, class, and room
(the people in the room or building)
Primjeri zbirnih imenica su boldovani ispod:
- The team threw confetti when it was over.
- Steve buys the band some sandwiches.
- Meredith told the class she was getting married.
Kao što je i navedeno gore, kada su u pitanju imenice, neke imenice mogu pripadati
u više kateforija. Neke su konkretne i brojive, npr. raindrops i wedding rings, dok su neke
vlastite i nebrojive kao npr. Atlantic Ocean and Alaska.
Forms of Nouns
The same noun can appear in different forms, depending on how it is used.
A countable noun can be singular or plural. Most nouns in English form the plural by
adding -s or -es to the noun, although there are some exceptions:
- One dog, two dogs, red dog, blue dog.
- I missed not just one bus today, but two buses.
- New York City is one of the grandest cities in the world.
Uncountable nouns and proper nouns are always considered to be singular:
- The air in the countryside and in the city is clean and fresh (not the airs).
- All knowledge is a good thing (not knowledges).
- Florida has mostly warm weather in the winter.
Nouns can also indicate ownership. This form of a noun is called a possessive noun,
and is indicated by an apostrophe and the letter –s. It is equivalent to using the word of and the noun.
- The light’s color is red. (or: The color of the light is red.)
- The country’s flag has blue stripes. (or: The flag of the country has blue stripes.)
- The hunters’ guns were loaded. (or: The guns of the hunters were loaded.)
Note that when the noun already ends with -s, possession is indicated by adding only an
apostrophe – hunters’ guns, not hunters’s guns.
A noun can be used as the subject of a sentence, or in another capacity as an object:
- John is nice. – John is the subject of the sentence
- I saw John – John is the simple (direct) object of the sentence.
- I gave John the phone. – John is the indirect object of the sentence.
- I gave the phone to John. – John is the object of the preposition to.
Additional Info About Nouns
Sometimes nouns are used as adjectives, which is referred to as a noun adjunct. In fact,
English is amazingly flexible in that almost any noun can also be used as an adjective,
though sometimes the use is considered comical or slangy:
- Ocean view – Ocean describes the type of view you would see outside your window.
- Jazz concert – Jazz is specifying what kind of concert is being played.
- Cheese omelet – It’s a certain type of omelet, eggs with cheese. Using a true adjective as in a cheesy omelet means any type of omelet (onion and peppers, mushroom) that has a lot of cheese.
- Dog tired – Really really tired – even though dogs aren’t known to be especially tired.
- Fear Factor – An example of using just any old word as a noun adjunct.
Plural-Only Nouns
There is a small group of nouns that exist only in the plural form, for example:
- clothes, pants, scissors, shorts, thanks, trousers
These nouns do not exist in the singular form and are usually described as "plural-only nouns".
We use them with plural verbs and plural pronouns, for example:
- My trousers are dirty. I need to wash them.
We cannot use them with numbers.
Plural-Only Nouns with Two Parts
Many plural-only nouns are tools or items of clothing that have two parts (like trousers, which have two legs).
Clothing
- panties, boxers, briefs, tights
- jeans, pants, pyjamas, shorts, trousers
Tools
- headphones
- pliers, scissors, tongs, tweezers
- binoculars, glasses, goggles, RayBans, sunglasses
pair of
Because the above examples have two parts, we can refer to them as "pair of" or
"pairs of" to quantify them.
To talk about one item we can say a pair of, one pair of, my pair of, this pair of etc.
To specify more than one item we can say two pairs of, three pairs of etc.
- I need a new pair of sunglasses.
- You can get rid of that old pair of headphones.
- I'd like to buy one pair of boxers and two pairs of jeans.
glass, glasses (countable noun): a container for drinking from. I'd like two glasses of
glass (uncountable noun): transparent material used for windows, screens etc. Be careful
Other Plural-Only Nouns
- earnings
- belongings, clothes
- congratulations, thanks
- outskirts, premises, surroundings
In these example sentences notice the use of plural verbs and plural pronouns:
- Make sure your belongings are tagged with your name before you check them in.
- Her thanks were clearly sincere.
- If your clothes are wet you can dry them upstairs.
- The outskirts of Washington are really pretty and they stretch for miles.
Compound Nouns
A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. A compound noun is usually
[noun + noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other combinations (see below). It is important
to understand and recognize compound nouns. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and
can be modified by adjectives and other nouns.
There are three forms for compound nouns:
- open or spaced - space between words (tennis shoe)
- hyphenated - hyphen between words (six-pack)
- closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (bedroom)
Here are some examples of compound nouns:
noun | + | noun | bus stop | Is this the bus stop for the number 12 bus? |
---|---|---|---|---|
fire-fly | In the tropics you can see fire-flies at night. | |||
football | Shall we play football today? | |||
adjective | + | noun | full moon | I always feel crazy at full moon. |
blackboard | Clean the blackboard please. | |||
software | I can't install this software on my PC. | |||
verb(-ing) | + | noun | breakfast | We always eat breakfast at 8am. |
washing machine | Put the clothes in the red washing machine. | |||
swimming pool | What a beautiful swimming pool! | |||
noun | + | verb(-ing) | sunrise | I like to get up at sunrise. |
haircut | You need a haircut. | |||
train-spotting | His hobby is train-spotting. | |||
verb | + | preposition | check-out | Please remember that check-out is at 12 noon. |
noun | + | prepositional phrase | mother-in-law | My mother-in-law lives with us. |
preposition | + | noun | underworld | Do you think the police accept money from the underworld? |
noun | + | adjective | truckful | We need 10 truckfuls of bricks. |
Pronunciation
Compound nouns tend to have more stress on the first word. In the phrase "pink ball",
both words are equally stressed (as you know, adjectives and nouns are always stressed).
In the compound noun "golf ball", the first word is stressed more (even though both
words are nouns, and nouns are always stressed). Since "golf ball" is a compound noun
we consider it as a single noun and so it has a single main stress - on the first word. Stress
is important in compound nouns. For example, it helps us know if somebody said "a GREEN
HOUSE" (a house which is painted green) or "a GREENhouse" (a building made of glass for
growing plants inside).
British/American differences
Different varieties of English, and even different writers, may use the open, hyphenated or closed form
for the same compound noun. It is partly a matter of style. There are no definite rules. For example
we can find:
- container ship
- container-ship
- containership
If you are not sure which form to use, please check in a good dictionary.
Plural Forms of Compound Nouns
In general we make the plural of a compound noun by adding -s to the
"base word" (the most "significant" word). Look at these examples:
singular | plural |
---|---|
a tennis shoe | three tennis shoes |
one assistant headmaster | five assistant headmasters |
the sergeant major | some sergeants major |
a mother-in-law | two mothers-in-law |
an assistant secretary of state | three assistant secretaries of state |
my toothbrush | our toothbrushes |
a woman-doctor | four women-doctors |
a doctor of philosophy | two doctors of philosophy |
a passerby, a passer-by | two passersby, two passers-by |
Note that there is some variation with words like spoonful or truckful.
The old style was to say spoonsful or trucksful for the plural. Today it
is more usual to say spoonfuls or truckfuls. Both the old style (spoonsful)
and the new style (spoonfuls) are normally acceptable, but you should be
consistent in your choice. Here are some examples:
Some compound nouns have no obvious base word and you may need
to consult a dictionary to find the plural:
- higher-ups
- also-rans
- go-betweens
- has-beens
- good-for-nothings
- grown-ups
Note that with compound nouns made of [noun + noun] the first noun is like an adjective and therefore
does not usually take an -s. A tree that has apples has many apples, but we say an apple tree, not
apples tree; matchbox not matchesbox; toothbrush not teethbrush.
With compound nouns made of [noun + noun] the second noun takes an -s for plural. The first noun
acts like an adjective and as you know, adjectives in English are invariable. Look at
these examples:
long plural form becomes → | plural compound noun [noun + noun] |
---|---|
100 trees with apples | 100 apple trees |
1,000 cables for telephones | 1,000 telephone cables |
20 boxes for tools | 20 tool boxes |
10 stops for buses | 10 bus stops |
4,000 wheels for cars | 4,000 car wheels |
3. Treća tema: Prepositions (prijedlozi)
su male riječi koje najčešće stoje ispred imenice (nekada također ispred –ing oblika – gurand).
Svaka od propozicija može se prevesti na više načina zavisno od konteksta rečenice.
U tabeli se nalaze oblici od najćešće korištenih prepozicija:
Prepozicije za vrijeme:
Prijedlog: |
Kontekst u kojem se koristi: |
Primjer: |
on |
o danima u sedmici |
on Monday |
in |
o mjesecima / godišnjim dobima o dijelu dana (jutro, vecer) o određenom periodu vremena (kada?) |
in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour |
at |
o noći o vikendu o tačnom vremenskom periodu (u koliko?) |
at night at the weekend at half past nine |
since |
desilo se od određenog perioda vremena (od...) |
since 1980 |
for |
desilo se u prošlosti i dalje traje (već ...) |
for 2 years |
ago |
desilo se prije tačno određenog vremena |
2 years ago |
before |
prije nekog određenog vremena |
before 2004 |
to |
kada govorimo o vremenu |
ten to six (5:50) |
past |
kada govorimo o vremenu |
ten past six (6:10) |
to / till / until |
kada označavamo početak i kraj radnje |
from Monday to/till Friday |
till / until |
kada označavamo kada se nešto završilo |
He is on holiday until Friday. |
by |
kada označavamo kraj nečeg |
I will be back by 6 o’clock. |
Prepozicije za mjesto:
Prijedlog: |
Kontekst u kojem se koristi: |
Primjer: |
---|---|---|
in |
soba, zgrada, ulica, grad, država, knjiga, notes itd.. auta, taxi slika, svijet |
in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world |
at |
kao „do nečeg“, na nekom mjestu za stol za događaje mjesto gdje radiš ili ideš (kino, škola, posao itd..) |
at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work |
on |
mjesto događaja za mjesto na rijeci sinonimno „na nečemu“, mjesto za strane (desno, lijevo) za spratove u kući / zgradi za javni prevoz za TV, radio |
the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio |
by, next to, beside |
desno ili lijevo od necega ili nekoga |
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. |
under |
na zemlji (podlozi) ispod (pokriveno) neke stvari. |
the bag is under the table |
below |
ispod neke stvari (al ne na zemlji / tlu) |
the fish are below the surface |
over |
iznad neke stvari |
put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall |
above |
iznad neke stvari (ne direktno) |
a path above the lake |
across |
oko neke stvari (preko) |
walk across the bridge swim across the lake |
through |
kroz neku stvar |
drive through the tunnel |
to |
kretanje prema osobi, predmetu, gradu, državi itd. |
go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed |
into |
ući u nesto (sobu, zgradu) |
go into the kitchen / the house |
towards |
kretati se pored neke stvari |
go 5 steps towards the house |
onto |
kretati se iznad neke stvari |
jump onto the table |
from |
sinonimno „odakle“.. |
a flower from the garden |
Ostale često korištene prepozicije:
Prijedlog: |
Kontekst u kojem se koristi: |
Primjer: |
---|---|---|
from |
od koga, odakle |
a present from Jane |
of |
dio neke stvari, neka stvar od neke |
a page of the book the picture of a palace |
by |
ko je autor, ko je kreirao |
a book by Mark Twain |
on |
za hodanje ili jahanje ulazak u vozilo za javni prevoz |
on foot, on horseback get on the bus |
in |
ulazak u auto / taxi |
get in the car |
off |
izlazak iz vozila za javni prevoz |
get off the train |
out of |
izlazak iz auta / taxi |
get out of the taxi |
by |
povećanje ili smanjenje za prevoz (autom, biciklom, autobusom.. sve osim hodanja ili jahanja) |
prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus |
at |
za godine |
she learned Russian at 45 |
about |
sinonimno „o nekoj stvari“ |
we were talking about you |
Prijedlozi za mjesto:
In: koristi se ako je nešto u zatvorenom ili širokom prostoru: in a room, in a building,
in a box, in a garden, in a town/country, in the city centre, in a pool, in the sea, in a river.
Primjeri:
– What have you got in your hand?
– When we were in Italy, we spent a few days in Venice.
– There were some people swimming in the pool.
At: koristi se ako je nešto u određenoj tački u prostoru: at the bus station, at the door,
at the window, at the roundabout, at reception:
– Do you know that man standing at the door?
– We have to get off the bus at the next stop.
– When you leave the hotel, please leave your key at reception.
On: koristi se za nešto što se nalazi na nekoj površini :on the ceiling, on the door, on the table,
on the floor, on the wall, on a page, on an island:
– Have you seen the notice on the notice board?
– The hotel is on a small island in the middle of the lake.
Uporedimo In i At:
There were a lot of people in the shop. but Go along this road, then turn left at the shop.
Poređenje In i On:
There is some water in the bottle. but There is a label on the bottle.
Poređenje At i On:
There is somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is?
There is a notice on the door. It says „ Do not disturb“.
Kažemo da je neko in hospital/in prison/in jail: Ann ‘s mother is in hospital. Ali kažemo da je neko at home/at work/
at school/at university/at college: Julia is studying chemistry at university.
In i at za zgrade
You can eat in a restaurant ili at a restaurant; You can buy something in a supermarket or at a supermarket.
At obično koristimo kada želimo da iskažemo gde se održava neki događaj: We went to a concert at the Royal Festival Hall.
Kažemo at the station/ at the airport:
Do not meet me at the station. I can get a taxi.
Kažemo at somebody’ s house ( kod nečije kuće):
I was at Sue’ s house last night. ili I was at Sue’ s last night.
In koristimo kada govorimo o samoj zgradi. Uporedimo:
We had dinner at the hotel. but All the rooms in the hotel have air conditioning.
In i at za gradove
Obično koristimo In za gradove i sela: The Louvre is a famous art museum in Paris.
Ali možemo koristiti at ili in kada mislimo o mestu kao o tački ili stanicu na putovanju:
Does this train stop at (or in) Nottingham?
On i in za vozila
Obično kažemo on a bus/on a train/on a plane/on a ship but in a car/in a taxi: The bus was very full.
There were too many people on it.Ali reći ćemo: Mary arrived in a taxi.
4. Četvrta tema: VERBS (glagoli)
Verbs (glagoli) su najvažnija vrsta riječi jer bez njih je nemoguće napraviti pravu rečenicu.
Postoji više podjela glagola a za početak mi ćemo pomenuti najvažniju za početnike
a to je podjela na:
main verbs (glavne glagole)
i
auxiliary verbs (pomoćne glagole)
Main verbs (glavni glagoli) mogu stojati samostalno u rečenici.
(to znači da je taj glagol i jedini glagol u toj rečenici te da nema
drugog glagola u rečenici) - a1 primjer
U rečenici koja ima dva ili više glagola, glavni glagol (obojen u crveno) je
uvijek na poslednjem mjestu od prisutnih glagola u takvim rečenicama
(dva ili više glagola). U takvim rečenicama taj glagol je nosilac
prevoda (glagolskog tj predikata). - a2 primjeri
a1 - I live in Tuzla.
a2 - Do you live in Tuzla?
Will you come to school tomorrow?
I should have taken your advice (Trebao sam poslušati tvoj savjet).
Auxiliary verbs (pomoćni glagoli) nam pomažu u formiranju složenijih
gramatičkih formi, vremena, upitnih oblika.... Pomoćne glagole ne
prevodimo. Pomoćni glagoli se dijele na dvije grupe.
Prva grupa su primary auxiliary verbs a tu spadaju tri glagola:
to be, to have i to do. To je i najvažnija grupa glagola jer samo ta tri
glagola u engleskom jeziku mogu imati obje funkcije, dakle mogu imati
i ulogu glavnog i ulogu pomoćnog glagola u rečenici. - a3 primjeri
We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary)
We are happy. (be - main)
He does his work on time. (do - main)
Does he work in shifts? (do - auxiliary)
Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary)
I have a dog. (have - main)
Read more: https://engeuroblok.webnode.com/dodatna-nastava/
a3
We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary; leave - main)
We are happy. (be - main)
(Glagol to be u prvoj rečenici je pomoćni i on se tu ne prevodi
dok u rečenici gdje je glavni ima svoj primarni prevod - biti (smo)
I always do my homework on Saturday. (do - main)
Do you work in shifts? (do - auxiliary; work - main)
(Glagol to do u drugoj rečenici je pomoćni i on se tu ne prevodi
dok u rečenici gdje je glavni ima svoj primarni prevod - raditi (radim)
Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary; be - main)
I have a dog. (have - main)
We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary)
We are happy. (be - main)
He does his work on time. (do - main)
Does he work in shifts? (do - auxiliary)
Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary)
I have a dog. (have - main)
Read more: https://engeuroblok.webnode.com/dodatna-nastava/
(Glagol to have u prvoj rečenici je pomoćni i on se tu ne prevodi
dok u rečenici gdje je glavni ima svoj primarni prevod - imati (imam)
We are leaving tomorrow? (be - auxiliary)
We are happy. (be - main)
He does his work on time. (do - main)
Does he work in shifts? (do - auxiliary)
Have you ever been to Italy? (have - auxiliary)
I have a dog. (have - main)
Read more: https://engeuroblok.webnode.com/dodatna-nastava/
Druga grupa su modal auxiliary verbs (modalni glagoli) a tu spadaju:
can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must, need, used to...
Ovi glagoli ne mogu stojati sami (bez glavnog glagola) u rečenici i obavezno
mora uz njih biti glavni glagol da bi rečenica imala gramatičku ispravnost i
smisao. - a4 primjeri
a4
Can I help you? (can - auxiliary; help - main)
Excuse me, may I open the window? (may - auxiliary; open - main)
Modalni glagoli jedino mogu stojati bez glavnog glagola u kratkim odgovorima.
Međutim, kratki odgovori se ne smatraju pravim rečenicama stoga i dalje
treba naglasiti da u rečenicama modalni glagoli ne mogu stojati bez glavnog.
- odgovori na a4 primjere
odgovori na a4 primjere
(Can I help you?) --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
(Excuse me, may I open the window?) - Yes, you may.
Napomena:
Glagole u rečenicama promatramo na način da pri njihovom označavanju odvajamo
njihovu formu (za lica, sa nastavcima i sl) od infinitiva (početnog oblika glagola).
Kada obilježavamo i označavamo glagol uviiek ga izdvajamo u njegovoj infinitivnoj
ili početnoj formi. -a5 primjeri
a5
- Does she like orange juice?
U ovoj rečenici kada označavamo pomoćni glagol (auxiliary verb) ne govorimo does
već do, zato što je does oblik glagola do za treće lice jednine.
Pogrešno: pomoćni glagol je does.
Ispravno: pomoćni glagol je do.
- Has she found her jacket?
U ovoj rečenici kada označavamo pomoćni glagol (auxiliary verb) ne govorimo has
već have, zato što je has oblik glagola have za treće lice jednine. Kada označavamo
glavi glagol ne govormo found već find, jer je found past simple i past participle forma
za glagol find (naći).
Pogrešno: pomoćni glagol je has / glavni glagol je found.
Ispravno: pomoćni glagol je have / glagni glagol je find.
- Susan lives in Brighton.
U ovoj rečenici kada označavamo glavni glagol (main verb) ne govorimo lives
već live, zato što je lives oblik glagola live za treće lice jednine u Present Simple
Tense-u, gdje mu dodajemo nastavak (ending) -s.
Pogrešno: glavni glagol je lives.
Ispravno: glavni glagol je live.
5. Peta tema: Glagoli radnji i stanja
U engleskom jeziku glagoli mogu se klasificirati prema različitim kriterijima, a jedan od njih — prijenos radnje ili stanja subjekta.
Prema tome, svi glagoli mogu se podijeliti u dinamičke ili akcijske glagole Dynamic (Action) Verbs i statičke glagole Stative Verbs.
Dinamički glagoli govore nam da je subjekat čini određenu fizičku radnju.
Ova skupina uključuje većinu poznatih glagola to eat, to run, to write, to burn, etc. a svaki od njih opisuje određenu jasnu radnju (aktivnost).
Glagoli stanja (Stative verbs)? Njihov zadatak je jasan iz naslova: oni prenose stanje, osjećaje, stavove, mentalne procese i druge
karakteristike predmeta. Na primjer, glagoli stanja npr. to love ili to hate, to remember, to forget, to understand , to believe .....
Glavna razlika ovih glagola u odnosu na dinamičke glagola je da se ne koriste u Continuous glagolskoj formi.
Npr. nikad nećete vidjeti glagol understand u continuous formi čak i ako se radi recimo o trenutnoj radnji (pogledaj primjer dole).
Right now, I understand what you are trying to say. (PRAVILNO)
Right now, I am understanding what you are trying to say. (NEPRAVILNO)
Međutim aktivni (dinamički) glagoli mogu ići i u Simple i u Continuous glagolskoj formi zavisno od potrebe.
Npr. Right now, I am having a lunch. (PRAVILNO jer se radi o radnji u momentu govora)
I usually have lunch between 1 and 2 PM. (PRAVILNO jer se radi u uobičajenim navikama)
DYNAMIC verb type examples
play activity She plays tennis every Friday.
She's playing tennis right now.
melt process The snow melts every spring.
The snow is melting right now.
Read more: https://engeuroblok.webnode.page/dodatna-nastava/
Dynamic verbs
DYNAMIC verb type examples
play activity She plays tennis every Friday.
She's playing tennis right now.
melt process The snow melts every spring.
The snow is melting right now.
Stative verbs
STATIVE verb type examples
hate perception I hate chocolate.
believe perception She believes in UFOs.
contain relation The box contains 24 cans of soda.
own relation Yong owns three motorbikes.
6. Šesta tema:
Present Simple i Present Continuous
- Engleski jezik za razliku od našeg jezika sadašnju radnju dijeli u dva smjera. Iz tog
razloga obje varijante sadašnje radnje (Present Simple i Present Continuous) mi moramo
prevesti na isti način jer mi imamo samo jedno sadašnje vrijeme. Kada je u pitanju engleski
jezik tu moramo biti mnogo pažljiviji. PRESENT SIMPLE glagosko vrijeme razlikujemo od
PRESENT CONTINUOUS glagolskog vremena prema tome da li radnju ograničavamo ili ne,
tj da li se radnja ponavlja u nekim vremenskim intervalima (kraćim ili dužim). I za jedno i
za drugo vrijeme moramo znati riječi tj priloške odredbe koje će nam signalizirati da se
radi o datom vremenu (ZELENOM BOJOM označene). I za jedno i za drugo vrijeme moramo
znati nastavke i pomoćne glagole koji nam pomažu da rečenica bude gramatički ispravna
(LJUBIČASTOM BOJOM označeni).
Present Simple
Ovo glagolsko vrijeme koristimo za sadašnju radnju koja je:
a) uobičajena; b) navike; c) opšte činjenice; d) naučne činjenice; e) radnju koja se ponavlja
u dužim ili kraćim vremenskim intervalima.
Dakle svi navedeni oblici se ponavljaju u manjim ili većim vremenskim intervalima i ne moraju biti aktuelni
tj ne moraju se ovog trenutka dešavati.
Priloške odredbe koje nam signaliziraju da se radi u takvoj radnji su:
always (uvijek), sometimes (ponekad), every ... (svaki...), ever (ikada), never (nikada),
often (često), occasionally (povremeno), from time to time (s vremena na vrijeme),
i druge.
Potvrdni oblik - nema pomoćnih glagola ali ima nastavak -s ili -es samo za 3. lice jednine.
I work, you work, he/she/it works, we work, you work they work
Upitni i odrični oblik - gradimo uz pomoć pomoćnog glagola do (does forma za 3. lice jednine)
Do you york, Does he/she/it work, Do you work, Do they work......
I don't work; you don't work; he/she/it doesn't work; we don't work; you don't work; they don't work
Napomena: U trećem licu jednine zbog pomoćnog glaogla does (do sa nastavkom -es) glavni
glagol mora izgubiti nastavak jer ne mogu biti dva nastavka (tj nastavak i na pomoćnom i na
glavvnom glagolu).
Nepravilno: Does he works until 5? He doesn't works......
Pravilno: Does he work until 5? He doesn't work ..........
Primjeri:
How often do you go to the cinema? (repated action, habits - radnja koja se ponavlja, navike)
She lives in London. (general - personal fact about her - stalna činjenica vezana za nju)
Do you speak English? (general - personal fact about you - stalna činjenica vezana za tebe)
I usually watch TV before I go to sleep. (repeated action - radnja koja se ponavlja)
Does she watch horror movies? (habit - ima li naviku da gleda / voli li gledati horor filmove?)
Present Continuous
Ovo glagolsko vrijeme koristimo za sadašnju radnju koja je:
- ograničena (limited) na kraći ili duži vremenski period.
Present Continuous ima i svoje druge upotrebe ali ih nećemo napominjati u ovoj temi.
Priloške odredbe koje nam signaliziraju da se možda radi u ovoj radnji su:
today (danas), this ...... (ove,ovog..), at the moment... (ovog trenutka...), now (sada),
right now (upravo sada), these days (ovih dana) i druge.
Potvrdni oblik - ima pomoćni glagol to be (am,are,is) ali ima nastavak -ing na glavni glagol.
I am working (I'm working), you are working (you're working) he/she/it is working (he's,she's,it's working)
we are working (we're working) you are working (you're working) they are working (they're working)
Upitni i odrični oblik - gradimo ......
Upitni: are you working? is he working? ..... itd itd
Odrični: I'm not working, you're not working, he's not working ....... itd itd
7. Sedma tema:
Articles (Članovi)
Articles - Članovi
Članovi su vrsta riječi koja ne postoji u našem jeziku. Oni imaju istu funkciju kao i pridjevi – modifikuju imenicu.
Ne prevode se , osim ako to ne zahtjeva kontekst.
Da bismo lakše razumjeli članove, evo par primjera kako se mogu prevesti:
- A bird flew into my room. (Neka ptica mi je uletjela u sobu.)
- The bird was brown. (Ta ptica je bila braon.)
- John gave her a flower. (Džon joj je dao jedan cvijet.)
- The flower is very unusual. (Taj cvijet je veoma neobičan.)
Indefinite Article (Neodređeni član)
Neodređeni član (indefinite article) a/an se ispred imenica koje počinju
suglasnikom čita / ə / dok se ispred imenica koje počinju samoglasnikom
čita kao / ən /:
- a boy / ə boi /
- an egg / ən eg /
Neodređeni član se koristi da označi lice ili stvar koje ne poznajemo ili koje po prvi put pominjemo.
Neodređeni član se upotrebljava isključivo sa imenicama u jednini:
- There is a boy in the street. (Neki dječak se nalazi na ulici.)
- She put an apple on the table. (Stavila je jabuku na sto.)
Neodređeni član se koristi kada govorimo o profesiji:
- I am a student. (Ja sam student.) She is a doctor. (Ona je dokotor).
Definite article (Određeni član)
Određeni član (definite article) the se isped imenica koje počinju
suglasnikom izgovara kao / ðə / dok se ispred imenica koje počinju
samoglasnikom određeni član čita kao / ði: /:
- the book / ðə buk /
- the eyes / ði: аіz /
Određeni član se koristi za opisivanje određenih, poznatih lica i stvari:
- The man you met is my friend. (Čovek kog si upoznao je moj prijatelj.)
- The book on the table is mine. (Knjiga na stolu je moja.)
Određeni član se koristi ispred superlativa i rednih brojeva:
- She is the prettiest girl in the class. (Ona je najljepša djevojka u razredu.)
- The first act of the play was the best. (Prvi čin drame je bio najbolji.)
Određeni član se koristi da označi pojmove od kojih samo jedan postoji na svijetu:
- the Earth, the past, the Sun, the weather
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena rijeka, mora, okeana, planinskih vjenaca:
- the Adriatic sea, the Atlantic, the Alps
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena pripadnika narodnosti da označi cijelu naciju:
- the French, the Swiss
Određeni član se koristi ispred imena javnih zgrada i institucija u gradu:
- the Odeon cinema, the National Museum, the Modern Art Gallery
Određeni član se koristi ispred naziva instrumenata:
- She plays the guitar. (Ona svira gitaru.)
Zero article (Izostavljanje člana)
Član se ne koristi:
Sa imenicama u množini i nebrojivim imenicama kada govorimo uopšteno o nečemu:
- Apples are very good for your health.
- We drink coffee and tea.
Ispred imena jezika i ispred obroka:
- She speaks French. (Ona govori francuski.)
- We had lunch with John. (Ručali smo sa Džonom.)
Ispred imena igara i sportova:
- Marko plays chess very well. (Marko igra šah vrlo dobro.)
- Many people like playing basketball. (Mnogi ljudi vole da igraju košarku.)
Ispred ličnih imena i imena gradova:
- I live in New York. (Ja živim u Njujorku)
U mnogim uobičajenim izrazima, kao što su:
- by day (danju, po danu), at night (noću), at home (kod kuće), at work (na poslu),
- in bed (u krevetu), by car (kolima)
8. Osma tema:
Past Simple Tense
1) Past Simple Tense - upotreba
Past simple koristimo za
završene radnje u prošlosti (koje nemaju više bitne povezanosti sa sadašnjošću)
e.g. (npr.) I went to the cinema yesterday. (Juče sam išla u kino.)
Uz Past simple koristimo neke riječi koje nam signaliziraju da se radi o Past simpleu...
e.g. (npr.) yesterday, last week, in 2003, two weeks ago....
2) Past Simple Tense - regular verbs (pravilni glagoli)
a) Past simple pravilnih glagola (regular verbs) gradimo tako što na infinitiv (početni)
oblik glagola dodamo nastavak (ending) -ed.
Nekoliko pravilnih glagola: listen, watch, wash, live....
I lived, you lived, he,she,it lived....
b) Upitni i odrični oblik za Past simple gradimo upotrebom pomoćnog
glagola (auxiliary verb) to do ali u njegovoj past simple formi , dakle did.
Pošto je to naglašavamo past simple (prošla) forma glagola do,
iz tog razloga bi onda imali dva past simple (prošla) oblika u rečenici - i past
simple glavnog i past simple pomoćnog glagola. To je nemoguće i zbog toga
(jer ne mogu oba biti u past simple formi) jedan glagol a to je glavni mora
izgubiti tu svoju past simple formu i vratiti se u početnu formu (infinitiv).
Glavni glagol se vraća u infinitiv te mu se oduzima nastavak -ed dok pomoćni
(did) ostaje u past simple formi.
Potvrdni oblik: You lived in London.
Upitni oblik - NEPRAVILNO: Did you lived in London?
Upitno oblik - PRAVILNO: Did you live in London?
Odrični oblik - NEPRAVILNO: You did not (didn't) lived in London.
Odrični oblik - PRAVILNO: You did not (didn't) live in London.
3) Past Simple Tense - irregular verbs (nepravilni glagoli)
a) Past Simple nepravilnih glagola (irregular verbs) učimo iz tabele
za nepravilne glagole. Obzirom da se zovu nepravilni glagoli to znači
da se na njih ne može primjeniti pravilo koje važi za prvilne glagole
(nastavak -ed). Često oblik past simple-a za nepravilne glagole je
drugačiji nego infinitiv (početni oblik)glagola (be - was/were)
NAPOMENA: U prvoj koloni se nalazi infinitiv ili početni oblik glagola
a u drugoj koloni se nalazi past simple oblik glagola. U trećoj koloni se
nalazi oblik glagola za past participle.
b) Upitni i odrični oblik za Past simple gradimo upotrebom pomoćnog glagola
(auxiliary verb) to do ali u njegovoj past simple formi , dakle did. Pošto je to
naglašavamo past simple (prošla) forma glagola do, iz tog razloga bi onda imali
dva past simple (prošla) oblika u rečenici - i past simple glavnog i past simple
pomoćnog glagola. To je nemoguće i zbog toga (jer ne mogu oba biti u past
simple formi) jedan glagol a to je glavni mora izgubiti tu svoju past simple
formu i vratiti se u početnu formu (infinitiv). Glavni glagol se vraća u infinitiv kod
nepravilnih glagola tako što se iz druge kolone (past simple) vrati u prvu kolonu (infinitiv).
Potvrdni oblik: You sold your car.
Upitni oblik - NEPRAVILNO: Did you sold your car?
Upitno oblik - PRAVILNO: Did you sell your car?
Odrični oblik - NEPRAVILNO: You did not (didn't) sold your car.
Odrični oblik - PRAVILNO: You did not (didn't) sell your car.
9. Deveta tema:
Past Continuous Tense
1) Past Continuous Tense - upotreba
Gradimo Past continuous od:
* pomoćnog glagola (past simple forme glagola to be) = was, were
* glavnog glagola u -ing formi.
Past continuous koristimo da
a) pokažemo da je radnja bila u toku (trajala je) u nekom (preciznije određenom ili poznatom) periodu
vremena (ili u trenutku) u prošlosti.
e.g. (npr.) What were you doing at 8 p.m. last night? I was studying.
b) kada opisujemo raspoloženje ili atmosferu (situaciju) prije pojave ili uz pojavu glavnog glagola.
When I walked into the bar, Danny and Fred
were arguing again. Chris was chatting to the barman with his usual pint. Peter and Sarah were flirting with each other and Liz was telling the rest of the gang one of her outrageous stories about when she was an actress in the West End. The pub was already smelling of pub food and beer and I just felt that it was so good to be home.
c) uz riječi "always" ili "constantly" kada govorimo o nečemu što se ponavljalo i iritiralo nas. Riječ "always" obično ide između pomoćnog (be-was,were) i glavnog glagola (sa nastavkom -ing)
She was always coming late for meetings. No wonder she was never promoted.
He was always boasting about his financial successes. It irritated us all no end.
I was constantly misplacing my glasses. It’s not a problem with contacts now.
d) While ili when!
u rečenicama koje počinju sa "while" ili "when"; uz "while" rečenica obično počinje sa Past Continuous formom dok uz "when" rečenica obično počinje sa Past Simple formom.
It started raining while I was jogging. / While I was jogging, it started raining.
When it started raining, I was jogging. / I was jogging when it started raining.
10. Deseta tema:
POREĐENJA GLAGOLSKIH VREMENA
1) Razlika Present Simple / Present Continuous
Prije nego što analiziramo razliku Past simple i Past Continuous
treba se podsjetiti na razliku između Present simplea i Present continuousa.
Razlika je u tome što Present simple (npr I speak English. Do you like fish?
How often does he go for a walk? She teaches French in school.) nije vremenski
ograničen već govori o uobičajenoj sadašnjosti, navikama, radnji koja se
ponavlja u određenim vremenskim intervalima, stanjima i činjenicama koje su
uvijek iste. S druge strane Present Continuous je vremenski ograničen (I am
doing my homework at the moment. What are you talking about? What is he
doing these days?) na npr trenutak radnje, ovaj dan, ovu sedmicu, ovaj mjesec itd....
Napomena - Present Continuous možemo koristiti i za sljedeće dvije radnje:
1) Navike koje nisu stalne ali koje se često dešavaju. Uz ovakve rečenice koristimo priloške odredbe
kao što su always, constantly ili forever. Često ovakvu vrstu Present continuousa koristimo za
navike koje nam smetaju i koje iritiraju. Npr.
- You're forever losing your keys!
- She's constantly missing the train.
- Lucy's always smiling!
- Read more: https://engeuroblok.webnode.page/dodatna-nastava/
- You're forever losing your keys!
- She's constantly missing the train.
- Lucy's always smiling!
2) Buduće planove i dogovore (sa priloškom odredbom ili rječju za vrijeme koja asocira na budućnost)
U ovom slučaju smo već napravili plan i prilično smo sigurni da će se ostvariti u budućnosti. Često za
ovakve planove i dogovore se veže ideja da su dvije ili više strana svjesne o tome ili uključene u taj
plan ili dogovor. Npr.
- You're forever losing your keys!
- She's constantly missing the train.
- Lucy's always smiling!
- Read more: https://engeuroblok.webnode.page/dodatna-nastava/
- I'm seeing my dentist today at 5.
- I'm meeting my father tomorrow.
- I'm leaving at 3!
- We're going to the beach at the weekend.
2) Razlika Past Simple / Past Continuous
Razlika je u tome što Past simple (npr I watched a great movie. I lived in
London 0 years ago.) nije vremenski ograničen već govori o radnji koja se završila
u prošlosti ali za koju nam nije posebno bitno niti nas zanima, niti možda znamo
preciznije koliko je trajala ili u koje doba se konkretno dešavala. S druge strane Past
Continuous je vremenski ograničen (I was doing my homework (when you called).
- nisam ti se javio jer sam u to vrijeme radio zadaću; What were you talking about?
- O čemu ste pričali npr kad sam vas ja vidio, u trenutku kada sam vas vidio ispred škole....).
I Past continuous je završena radnja u prošlosti ali mi sada znamo otprilike ili precizno
o kojem se trenutku ili ograničenom vremenu u prošlosti radi, jer govorimo o radnji koj je bila
u toku u određenom (ograničenom) periodu (trenutku) u prošlosti.
Interesuje nas i bitno je za rečenicu u kojem vremenskom periodu ili trenutku
se dešavala radnja ili koliko dugo je trajala dok to nije bitno za Past simple (koji samo prenosi
šta se desilo i završilo u prošlosti bez da se koncentriše na vrijeme ili trenutak ili dužinu trajanja
radnje).
3) Razlika Present Continuous / Past Continuous (u formi)
- Present Continuous i Past Continuous oba imaju nastavak -ing na glavni glagol.
- Present Continuous i Past Continuous oba imaju pomoćni glagol to be.
*** Razlika je u tome što Present Continuous koristi sadašnju formu glagola to be (am,are,is)
npr. I am watching TV. ili What are you doing? - Ja gledam TV. Šta ti radiš?
....dok Past Continuous koristi prošlu formu glagola to be (was, were).
npr. I was watching TV at 8. What were you doing? - Ja sam gledao TV u 8. Šta si ti radio?
11. Jedanaesta tema:
Dva glagolska vremena u istoj rečenici
1) Past Simple i Past Continuous u istoj rečenici
PREKINUTA RADNJA U PROŠLOSTI - Interrupted action in the past
U situacijama kada se Past simple i Past continuous koriste u istoj rečenici govorimo o:
a) dužoj radnji koja je prekinuta kraćom radnjom s tim da kada govorimo o prekidu ne mislimo
bukvalno, već se misli da se jedna radnja (kraća) desila u toku dešavaja druge radnje (duže) s tim da se duža radnja uglavnom nastavila dešavati i poslije prekida (kraće radnje)
b) kraća radnja (interruption) je PAST SIMPLE
c) duža radnja (interrupted action) je PAST CONTINUOUS
e.g. While I was sleeping you phoned. She was waiting to buy a sandwich when she saw him.
2) Past Continuous i Past Continuous u istoj rečenici
RADNJE KOJE SE ODVIJAJU U ISTO VRIJEME- ACTIONS HAPPENING AT THE SAME TIME
U situacijama kada se obje radnje u istoj rečenici izražavaju Past Continuous-om govorimo o:
a) simultanim radnjama tj radnjama koje su se odvijale u isto vrijeme
e.g. While I was doing my homework, she was watching TV.
3) Past Simple i Past Simple u istoj rečenici
RADNJE KOJE SE NADOVEZUJU JEDNA NA DRUGU - ACTIONS HAPPENING ONE AFTER ANOTHER
U situacijama kada se obje radnje u istoj rečenici izražavaju Past Simple-om govorimo o:
a) radnjama koje se nadovezuju jedna na drugu i obje se izražavaju vremeno kojim govorimo o završenim prošlim radnjama, koje su počele i završile u prošlosti.
e.g. When I came home I first had a lunch, than I watched TV for half an hour and after that I started doing my homework.
12. Dvanaesta tema:
used to + infinitive / would + infinitive
'Used to + infinitive':
Koristimo ovaj izraz (ovu kombinaciju) kada govorimo o navikama iz prošlosti ili radnjama
koje su se ponavljale u prošlosti ali iz nekog razloga se više ne dešavaju ili ne ponavljaju
u sadašnjosti. Takođe koristimo i za stanja iz prošlosti koja više nisu tačna. Na primjer:
- I used to have long hair (but now I have short hair).
- He used to smoke (but now he doesn't smoke).
- They used to live in India (but now they live in Germany).
NAPOMENA! Sa odričnim i upitnim oblikom koristimo "use" a ne "used"
- Did you use to be a teacher?
- Did he use to study French?
- She didn't use to like chocolate, but she does now.
- I didn't use to want to have a nice house.
Napomena! Kada koristimo "used to" nema upotrebe glagola "be". Ne možemo reći: 'I am used to have long hair'.
'Would + infinitive'
Možemo koristiti i "would+infinitive" kombinaciju da govorimo o navikama iz prošlosti ili
radnjama koje su se ponavljale u prošlosti. Obično koristimo "would+infinitive" na ovaj način
kada prčamo priču iz prošlosti. Na primjer:
- When I was a student, we would often have a drink after class on a Friday.
- When I lived in Italy, we would go to a little restaurant near our house.
Međurim, ne koristimo "would+infinitive" da govorimo o stanjima iz prošlosti. Tako da ako govorimo
o prošlosti ne možemo reći:
I would have long hair.I would live in Scotland.
13. Trinaesta tema:
Present Perfect Simple
1) Present Perfect Simple - forma
Gradimo Present perfect simple od
* pomoćnog glagola (auxiliary verb) = have or has
*glavnog glagola (main verb) u past participle formi = -ed za pravilne / 3. kolona za nepravilne.
2) Present Perfect Simple - upotreba
2a) Koristimo Present perfect simple za NEZAVRŠENE RADNJE (unfinished
actions)u situacijama kada govorimo o radnjama, stanjama ili navikama koje
su počeli u prošlosti i nastavljaju se tj još uvijek traju u sadašnjosti. Često
koristimo priloge "since" /od kad je počela/ i "for" /koliko je trajala/ da bi
rekli koliko (how long) traje ili od kada traje radnja.
e.g. I've known Karen since 1994 (I have known Karen since 1994.)
She's lived in London for 3 years. (She has lived in London for 3 years.)
I've worked here for six months.
2b) Koristimo Present perfect simple za ZAVRŠENE RADNJE (finished
actions) u situacijama kada govorimo životnim iskustvima koja imamo
ili koja nemamo.Ne moramo precizirati kada ali osoba o kojoj je riječ
mora biti živa. Često koristimo priloge "ever" i "never".
e.g. I've been to Tokyo 3 times so far.
Have you ever been to Italy?
I have never travelled by plane.
2c) Koristimo Present perfect simple za završene radnje kada koristimo
priloške odredbe za vrijeme ali samo ukoliko se odnose na
nezavršenu radnju (this month, today, this week ...). Period vremena
dešavanja radnje još traje. Ne možemo koristiti Present perfect simple
uz priloške odredbe koje se odnose na završenu radnju (yesterday,
last week ...)
e.g. I haven't seen her since last month.
She's drunk three cups of coffee today.
I've already moved house twice this year.
2d) Koristimo Present perfect simple za završene radnje sa
posljedicama koje se osjećaju u sadašnjosti ili koje utiču na
sadašnjost. Fokus je na rezultat. Često koristimo Present perfect
simple kada govorimo o nečemu što se desilo u skorijoj prošlosti
ali što je i dalje tačno ili važno u sadašnjosti.
e.g. I've lost my key. (result = so I can't get into my house.)
She's hurt her leg. (result = so she can't play tennis today.)
They've missed the bus. (Result = so they will be late.)
2e) Koristimo Present perfect simple sa priloškim odredbama
just, already i yet (prevod priloške odredbe crvenom bojom
ispod primjera).
e.g. I've already visited three universities. (Već sam posjetio tri univerzieta.)
She's just won the match. (Upravo je pobjedila.)
I haven't made a decision yet. (Još nisam donijela odluku.)
A: Have you seen that new film yet? B: Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. A: Da li si već gledala taj novi film?
14. Četrnaesta tema:
Present Perfect Continuous
1) Present Perfect Continuous - forma
Gradimo Present perfect continuous od
* pomoćnog glagola (auxiliary verb) to be u present perfct simple formi = have been or has been
*glavnog glagola (main verb) u ing formi
2) Present Perfect Continuous - upotreba
2a) Koristimo Present perfect continuous u situacijama kada govorimo
o radnjama ili aktivnostima koje su počele u prošlosti i trenutno i dalje traju
ili su se upravo završile.
e.g.
I hate this weather. It has been raining (It's been raining) all week.
(and is still raining - u situaciji kada je kiša počela npr u ponedeljak a i dalje pada)
I need a break. I have been studying (I've been studying) all day.
(and I have just stopped - u situaciji kada učim od jutros ali sam upravo završio)
2b) Koristimo Present perfect continuous za trenutne situacije
koje su počele u prošlosti. Najčešće to koristimo kroz pitanja
pitanja koja počinju sa How long ili da odgovorimo na ista.
Možemo koristiti prilog for /za trajanje/ ili since /kada je radnja
počela tj od kada traje/
e.g.
I've been working here for eight years.
How long has she been playing basketball? Since she was 12 years old.
2c) Koristimo Present perfect continuous da bi dali razlog
za trenutne situacije.
e.g.
Why is your hair wet? I've been swimming in the lake.
Why is he tired? He's been working all day.
2d) Obično ne koristimo Present perfect continuous
sa paivnim glagolima have, be, know.
e.g.
I've known Jack for six years. OK
I've been knowing Jack for six years. WRONG
15. Petnaesta tema:
POREĐENJA GLAGOLSKIH VREMENA
1) Razlika Present Perfect Simple / Present Perfect Continuous
U čemu je razlika između rečenica pod a i b ispod?
a) We've painted the room.
b) We've been painting the room.
Ukoliko ste pročitali gore navedene teme prepoznajete da je rečenica pod a u
Present perfect simple-u a rečenica pod b u Present perfect continuous-u. Ali
da li zaista razumijemo razlog, smisao i upotrebu obje forme? Pročitajte pažljivo
dole navedeno.
Present Perfect Simple vs Present Perfect Continuous
* fokus je na rezultatu * fokus je na aktivnosti
e.g You've cleaned the bathroom. e.g. I've been gardening.
It looks lovely. It's so nice out there.
* informiše nas "koliko" * informiše nas "koliko dugo"
e.g. She's read ten books this summer. e.g. She's been reading that book all day.
* opisuje kompletiranu (završenu) radnju * opisuje radnju koja se može i nastaviti
e.g. I've written you an email. e.g. I've been writing emails.
* koristimo kada možemo vidjeti dokaz skorije radnje
e.g. The grass looks wet. Has it been raining?
I know, I'm really red. I've been running!
16. Šesnaesta tema:
Future (Budućnost) - prvi nivo
Svi primjeri ispod se mogu izraziti koristeći različitu gramatičku (glagolsu) formu za budućnost:
- Prognoze i predviđanja koja se baziraju na našem iskustvu, intuiciji i sl: There will be snow in many areas tomorrow.
- Planovi koji obično uključuju dvije strane (dogovori): I'm meeting Jim at the airport.
- Planovi i namjere koji su obično vezani samo za jednu stranu: We're going to spend the summer abroad.
- Događaji koji ustaljeno idu po rasporedu i redu vožnje: The plane takes off at 3 a.m.
- Prognoze i predviđanja koja se baziraju na postojećem dokazu: The sky is black, it's going to rain!
- Odluke koje donosimo u datom momentu: We'll give you a lift to the cinema.
16a) Future (with Present simple)
16b) Future (with Present continuous)
16c) Future (with will)
16d) Future (with going to)
- 16a) Koristimo present simple za nešto što ide po rasporedu, redu vožnje i sl.
We have a lesson next Monday.
The train arrives at 6.30 in the morning.
The holidays start next week.
It is my birthday tomorrow.
- 16b) Koristimo present continuous za planove i dogovore koje uključuju dvije ili više strana. Često je i neka priprema obavljena za taj plan ili dogovor.
I’m playing football tomorrow.
They are coming to see us tomorrow.
We’re having a party at Christmas.
- I'm meeting Jim at the airport = Jim and I have discussed this. (Jim i ja smo to dogovorili).
- I am leaving tomorrow. = I've already bought my train ticket. (Kupio sam kartu).
- We're having a staff meeting next Monday = all members of staff have been told about it. (Svi članovi su upoznati sa planom).
16c) Koristimo will kada govorimo o dole navedenim tipovima budućnost:
- Predviđanja koja se baziraju na našem iskustvu, intuiciji, znanju, osjećaju ili nadanju:
It will be a nice day tomorrow.
I think Brazil will win the World Cup.
I’m sure you will enjoy the film.
- Želim ili imam volju da nešto uradim:
I hope you will come to my party.
George says he will help us.
- Obećanja:
I'll see you tomorrow.
We'll send you an email.
- Odluke koje donosimo u datom momentu:
I'll have a cup of tea.
Where can I find more information? I know. I'll look on the Internet.
- Kada govorimo o nečemu što je činjenica ili istina koja slijedi:
In 2028 the Svalbard Vault will celebrate its 20th anniversary.
It's my birthday next month. I'll be seventeen.
16d) Koristimo (be) going to:
- Za planove i namjere (uglavnom su vezani za jednu stranu):
I’m going to drive to work today.
They are going to move to Manchester.
- Prognoze i predviđanja za koja imamo dokaz da će se desiti:
Be careful! You are going to fall.
Look at those black clouds. I think it’s going to rain.
17. Sedamnaesta tema:
Conditionals (Kondicionals)
Conditional sentences (Kondicionalne rečenice)
Potoje četiri tipa kondicionalnih rečenica u engleskom jeziku. Svaki od njih izražava različit stepen
vjerovatnosti da će se situacija ostvariti ili da bi se situacija ostvarila, pod određenim okolnostima.
Svaki tip kondicionala (kondicionalnih rečenica) se sastoji od if rečenice i glavne rečenice. If rečenica
(if clause) je zavisna dok je glavna rečenica (main clause) nezavisna.
- Zero Conditional Sentences
- First Conditional Sentences
- Second Conditional Sentences
- Third Conditional Sentences
Prvi kondicional se koristi da bi izrazili situacije kod kojih je ishod vjerovatan tj postoji dobra vjerovatnoća
(mada ništa nije sigurno niti garantovano) da će se ostvariti u budućnost. Zavisi od uslova koji se iskazan
u if rečenici. Pogledajte primjere ispod:
Koristimo present simple tense u if rečenici (if clause) a simple future (future sa glagolom will) u glavnoj
rečenici tj main clause. Ta glavna rečenica je rečenica koja govori o mogućem ishodu ili realizaciji radnje
koja zavisi od uslova iz if rečenice. Na taj način pokazujemo da se pod određenim uslovom (koji se nalazi
u if rečenici), određen rezultat vjerovatno će se ostvariti u budućnosti.
Koristiimo past simple tense u if rečenici a pomoćni modalni glagol (npr. could, should, would, might) u glavnoj
rečenici jer njome označavamo tačnije tim glagolom modalnim označavamo taj nerealan, malo vjerovatan ili skoro
pa nemoguć ishod radnje.
Treći kondicional se koristi da bi se objasnilo da postojeće (trenutne, sadašnje) prilike bi bile drugačije
da se nešto drugačije desilo u prošlosti. Pogledajte naredne primjere:
Ove rečenice prenose uslov koji je vjerovatno dovoljan da se radnja ostvari, ali se ustvari nije desio niti
odirgrao u prošlosti. Govornik u prvoj rečenici je bio u mogućnosti da ode ranije, ali nije. U drugoj rečenici
govornik je bio u mogućnosti da očisti kuću, ali nije. Sve su ovo uslovi (uvjeti) koji su mogući tj ostvarivi, ali
nažalost se nisu desili (odigrali).
Koristimo past perfect (i.e., had + past participle) u if rečenici.
Modlani pomoći glagol tj. modal auxiliary (would, could, should, etc.) + have + past participle
koristimo u glavnoj rečenici tj. main clause i tom kombinacijom izražavamo teoretsku situaciju koja se mogla
desiti tj ostvariti.
Kada koristimo nulti kondicional, u obje rečenice (if clause i main glause) koristimo present simple tense.
Nepravilno je koristiti will (the simple future tense).
When people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers. (TAČNO)
Obratite pažnju da se mogu mjenjati riječi if i when u zavisnoj (if rečenici) u ovim primjerima
nultog kondicionala. Ovo je dozvoljeno iz razloga što je rezultat uvijek isti, tako da nema veze
da li koristimo "if" ili "when".
18. Osamnaesta tema:
Past perfect simple
Funkcija past perfect simple-a
Odnosi se na radnju koja se desila prije neke druge radnje u prošlosti.
Nije bitno koja radnja je pomenuta prva - vremena koja koristimo nam
pokazuju jasno koja radnja se desila prva. U narednim primjerima ,
događaj A je je događaj koji se desio prvi tj koji predstavlja dalju
prošlost (prošlu radnju koja je dalja iz perspektive sadašnjosti - kada
o njoj govorimo) a događaj B je događaj koji se desio drugi tj koji
predstavlja bližu prošlost (prošlu radnju koja je bliža sadašnjosti -
kada o njoj govorimo):
Događaj A | Događaj B |
John had gone out | when I arrived in the office. |
Događaj A | Događaj B |
I had saved my document | before the computer crashed. |
Događaj B | Događaj A |
When they arrived | we had already started cooking. |
Događaj B | Događaj A |
He was very tired | because he hadn't slept well. |
Kako gradimo Past perfect simple
Od dva dijela:
auxiliary verb (pomoćni glagl) = past tense forma glagola to have (had)
main verb (glavni glagol) = past particip glavnog glagola (pravilni nastavak -ed a nepravilni 3. kolona)
npr.
Potvrdni | ||
She | had | given |
Odrični | ||
She | hadn't | asked. |
Upitni | ||
Had | they | arrived? |
Upitno odrični | ||
Hadn't | you | finished? |
Past perfect + just
'Just' se koristi uz past perfect simple da označi događaj koji predstavlja dalju prošlost
iz perspektive sadašnjosti ali se desio tek nakratko prije nekog drugog događaja tj
događaja koji obilježava bližu prošlost iz perspektive sadašnjosti - past simple
(ono što je bliže sadašnjosti)
- The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
- Pojašnjenje : Iz perspektive sadašnjosti, kada o tome
- govorimo, glagol koji je bliži sadašnjosti je arrived
- (stigao) jer sam ja stigao nakon što je voz otišao
- i stoga se to izražava past simple-om a glagol
- koji je dalji iz perspektive sadašnjosti je had just
- left (upravo otišao) jer je voz otišao nekoliko trenutaka
- prije nego sam ja stigao, znači još malo dalje iz
- pespektive sadašnjosti tj trenutka kada o tome govorimo.
- She had just left the room when the police arrived.
- I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.
1) Ako naglašavmo redoslijed po kojem su se dešavali događaji sve ih
Before she went to the zoo with her family on her sixth birthday, Jane had never been there.
When I arrived just in time for my first class, I realized I had forgotten my books.
Simple Past | Past Perfect Simple |
---|---|
some time in the past
|
before/up to a certain time in the past
|
Signal Words - Riječi koje nam sugerišu upotrebu datom vremena
Simple Past | Past Perfect Simple |
---|---|
|
|
*Note: "After" se koristi samo kao
signal word za Past Perfect ako nakon njeslijedi kombinacija subjekat + predikat, što znači da je jedna radnja kompletirana
prije nego je druga počela (nova radnja je u Past Simple-u).
- Primjer:
- After the family had had breakfast, they went to the zoo.
Međutim , ako nakon riječi "after" slijedi kombinacija object + subject + verb, glagol pripada
novoj radnji te je stoga u Past Simple formi.
- Primjer:
- After her visit to the zoo, Jane was exhausted.
Još izuzetaka sa "signal words"
When
Zavisno od situacije, "when" se može koristiti i sa Simple Past or Past Perfect. Uporedimo naredne primjere:
- Primjer:
- When Jane saw the elephants, she was amazed. (u isto vrijeme)
- When Jane had seen the elephants, she wanted to see the giraffes. (druga radnja wanted se desila nakon što se završila prva had seen)
- When Jane went to see the elephants, she had already seen the lions. (druga radnja je kompletirana had seen prije nego je prva počela went)
Before
"Before" se takođe može koristi i sa Simple Past i Past Perfect formom. Ako je radnja nakon riječi "before" nova radnja,
koristimo Past Simple. Ako je radnja nakon riječi "before" tek počela (i nije završena) prije nekog trenutka u prošlosti,
koristimo Past Perfect. Uporedimo primjere ispod (Past Perfect boldovan a Past Simple podvučen):
- Primjer:
- Jane had read a lot about elephants before she went to the zoo.
- Jane went to the zoo before she had finished reading her new book about elephants.
19. Devetnaesta tema:
Active Voice vs Passive Voice (Aktiv - Pasiv)
"Voice" je gramatička kategorija koja se odnosi na glagole.
"Voice" u engleskom jeziku objašnjavavezu subjekta i radnje.
Imamo dva tipa "Voice"-a.
- active: the subject does the action (Aktiv- gdje subjekat obavlja radnju)
- passive: the object receives the action (Pasiv - gdje objekat prima radnju)
Kako kreiramo pasiv?
Osnovna struktura pasiva je vrlo jednostavna:
1) Obejkat (iz aktivne rečenice) +
2) pomoćni glagol to be (koji popirma formu aktivne rečenice) +
3) glavni glagol iz aktivne rečenice (koji u pasivu mora biti u past participle formi) +
4) by Agent (vršilac radnje ako se uopšte navodi navodi se frazom by....)
Present Simple Passive:
Active: Construction workers build houses.
Passive: Houses are built by construction workers.
Past Simple Passive:
Jack took my school bag.
My school bag was taken by Jack.
Future (will) Passive:
Jane will wake you up at 4.
You will be woken at 4.
Present Continuous Passive:
Mike is mending his bike.
Mike's bike is being mended.
20. Dvadeseta tema:
Reported speech (Indirektni govor)
AKo želimo reći šta je neko drugi rekao imamo dvije opcije:
1. Možemo koristiti tačne riječi koje je osoba rekla, sa znacima navoda " " (Direktni govor).
2. Možemo izmjeniti osobe koje je osoba rekla tako da ih kažemo svojim riječima (Indirektni govor).
Direktni govor: He said "I like you".
Indirektni govor: He said that he liked me.
2. Indirektni govor: He said (that) he was sick.
He said that...
He said...
He told me that...
He told me...
He mentioned that...
He informed me that...
- Reported speech: John just said that he is hungry.
Ali ako je John juče rekao "I am hungry" i ja to danas govorim njegovoj sestri,
u tom slučaju koristimo backshift te Reported speech od
(Yesterday, John said: "I am hungry") glasi:
- Yesterday, John said that he was hungry.
Dakle backshift koristimo ali ne stalno. Kada ga koristimo vodimo
se ovim pravilima (koje vrijeme prelazi (goes back to) u koje vrijeme):
Backshift
present simple goes back to past simple
present continuous goes back to past continuous
past simple goes back to past perfect simple
present perfect simple goes back to past perfect simple
past continuous goes back to past perfect continuous
can goes back to could
may goes back to might
Nikad ne koristimo backshift ako je u direktno govoru prisutno:
- past perfect
- could
- might
- would
- should
NE ZABORAVITE!
- Ako je situacija i dalje aktuelna ili istinita, backshift je opcionalan.
- Za opće istine (general truth) nema potreba za backshift-om.
Treći korak - Time and place (Riječi za vrijeme i mjesto)
Riječi za vrijeme
- He said: "It was hot yesterday." → He said that it had been hot the day before.
- He said: "We are going to swim tomorrow." → He said they were going to swim the next day.
Evo liste promjena riječi vezanih za vrijeme.
direct speech | reported speech |
---|---|
now | then, at that time |
today | that day, on Sunday, yesterday |
tonight | that night, last night, on Sunday night |
tomorrow | the next day/ the following day, on Sunday, today |
yesterday | the day before/ the previous day, on Sunday |
last night | the night before/ the previous night, on Sunday night |
this week | that week, last week |
last month | the month before/ the previous month, in May |
next year | the following year, in 2014 |
two minutes ago | two minutes before |
in one hour | one hour later |
Riječi za mjesto
- He said: "It is cold in here." → He said that it was cold in there.
- He said: "How much is this book?" → He asked how much the book was.
direct speech | indirect speech |
---|---|
here | there, in Starbucks |
this | that |
this book | the book, that book, War and Peace |
in this room | in the room, in that room, in the kitchen |